The impact of admixtures on the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete with and without fly ash: A review
Abstract
Although admixtures typically represent only 1–3% of the cement content, they play a crucial role in one cubic meter of concrete. Despite its low proportion, it significantly influences the rheological properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC), particularly in terms of placement, pumping, and segregation resistance, thereby affecting flowability, compressive strength, structural compactness, and durability.
The literature serves as a valuable resource for acquiring the necessary knowledge. A comprehensive synthesis of admixtures was carried out, compiling various results from existing research to deepen the understanding of their impact on the rheology of self-compacting concrete. This study highlighted the determination of a new coefficient, K, which is essential for accurately adjusting the required water content and thus optimizing the rheological properties of concrete.
References
Abed, M., Khuram, R., Ul-Rehman, M., & Ju, M. (2022). Performance keys on self-compacting concrete using recycled aggregate with fly ash by multi-criteria analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, 378(September), 134398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134398
ACI 237R. (2007). ACI 237 R Self-Consolidating Concrete. In American Concrete Institute.
Ahmad Wani, T., & Ganesh, S. (2022). Study on fresh properties, mechanical properties and microstructure behavior of fiber reinforced self compacting concrete: A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 62(P12), 6663–6670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.04.666
Aïtcin, P.-C., & Flatt, R. J. (2015). Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures. In Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100693-1.15002-7
Altoubat, S., Talha, J., Moussa, L., & Badran, D. (2017). Effectiveness of fly ash on the restrained shrinkage cracking resistance of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 79, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.01.010
Anjos, M. A. S., Camoes, A., Campos, P., Azeredo, G. A., & Ferreira, R. L. S. (2020). Effect of high volume fly ash and metakaolin with and without hydrated lime on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 27(April 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100985
Ashtiani, M. S., Scott, A. N., & Dhakal, R. P. (2013). Mechanical and fresh properties of high-strength self-compacting concrete containing class C fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.015
ASTM. (2005). C 1611/C 1611M – 05: Standard Test Method for Slump Flow of Self-Consolidating Concrete 1. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).
Banfill, P. F. G. (2011). Additivity effects in the rheology of fresh concrete containing water-reducing admixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 25(6), 2955–2960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.12.001
Bani Ardalan, R., Joshaghani, A., & Hooton, R. D. (2017). Workability retention and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete incorporating pumice powder and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 134, 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.090
Barbhuiya, S. (2011). Effects of fly ash and dolomite powder on the properties of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 25(8), 3301–3305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.018
Bessaies-Bey, H., Baumann, R., Schmitz, M., Radler, M., & Roussel, N. (2016). Organic admixtures and cement particles: Competitive adsorption and its macroscopic rheological consequences. Cement and Concrete Research, 80, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.10.010
Bingöl, A. F., & Tohumcu, I. (2013). Effects of different curing regimes on the compressive strength properties of self compacting concrete incorporating fly ash and silica fume. Materials and Design, 51, 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.106
Bonneau, O. (1997). Etude des Effets Physico-Chimiques des Superplastifiants en Vue d’Optimiser Ie Comportement Rheologique des Betons a Ultra-Hautes Performances. Ecole Normale Superieure de Cachan et de niniversite de Sherbrooke.
Boscaro, F. (2020). Research driven new low activated blended cements. In ETH Zurich.
Bouabdallah, M. A. (2025). Influence des adjuvants sur la formulation des betons auto-plaçants a base de differents types de ciment. École Nationale Polytechnique d’Oran.
Bouabdallah, M. A., Mouli, M., & Benmammar, M. (2024). Impact of Admixtures on Segregation in Self-compacting concrete : A Comparative Study Between Standardized and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Methods. The Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences, 10, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18540/jcecvl10iss6pp19683
Boukendakdji, O., Kadri, E., & Kenai, S. (2012). Effects of granulated blast furnace slag and superplasticizer type on the fresh properties and compressive strength of self-compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites, 34(4), 583–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.08.013
BS EN 12350-9:2010. (2010). BSI Standards Publication Testing fresh concrete. British Standard, April, 18.
BS EN British Standard. (2010a). BS EN 12350-10 Testing fresh concrete Part 10 : Self-compacting concrete - L-box test. In British Standard: Vol. PART 10.
BS EN British Standard. (2010b). BS EN 12350-8 Testing fresh concrete. British Standard, April, 18.
Chinthakunta, R., Durga, R., Rama, S., Chand, M., & M, J. Y. (2021). Performance evaluation of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash , silica fume and nano titanium oxide. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43, 2348–2354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.681
Choudhary, R., Gupta, R., & Nagar, R. (2020). Impact on fresh , mechanical , and microstructural properties of high strength self-compacting concrete by marble cutting slurry waste , fly ash , and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 239, 117888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117888
Da Silva, P. R., & De Brito, J. (2015). Fresh-state properties of self-compacting mortar and concrete with combined use of limestone filler and fly ash. Materials Research, 18(5), 1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.028715
Damma, M., Prasad, D., Rama, S., Chand, M., & M, J. Y. (2021). Mechanical and durability characteristics of high performance self- compacting concrete containing flyash , silica fume and graphene oxide. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43, 2361–2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.684
de Larrard, F. (1999). Structures granulaires et formulation des bétons. Etudes et Recherches Des Laboratoires Des Ponts et Chaussées, 591.
Dinakar, P., Reddy, M. K., & Sharma, M. (2013). Behaviour of self compacting concrete using Portland pozzolana cement with different levels of fly ash. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS & DESIGN, 46, 609–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.015
Diniz, H. A. A., Marcos, A. S., Rocha, A. K. A., & Ferreira, R. L. S. (2022). Effects of the use of agricultural ashes , metakaolin and hydrated-lime on the behavior of self-compacting concretes. Construction and Building Materials, 319(November 2021), 126087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126087
Dong, C., Zhang, Q., Chen, C., Jiang, T., Guo, Z., Liu, Y., & Lin, S. (2022). Fresh and hardened properties of recycled plastic fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete made with recycled concrete aggregate and fly ash , slag , silica fume. Journal of Building Engineering, 62(September), 105384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105384
EFNARC. (2002). Design of self-compacting concrete with fly ash. The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete, 64(5), 401–409. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.10.00167
EFNARC. (2005). The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete. In The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete (Issue May).
Elango, K. S., Vivek, D., Anandaraj, S., Saravanakumar, R., Sanfeer, J., & Saravanaganesh, S. (2022). Experimental study on self compacting concrete using light weight aggregate. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, 1362–1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.10.240
Erhan, G., Gesoglu, M., Al-goody, A., & Süleyman Ipek. (2015). Fresh and rheological behavior of nano-silica and fly ash blended self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.142
Fahim, G., Rahman, A., Sam, M., & Alyousef, R. (2021). Texture , morphology and strength performance of self-compacting alkali-activated concrete : Role of fly ash as GBFS replacement. Construction and Building Materials, 270, 121368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121368
Faisal, R., Harris, M., Ahmad, J., Waheed, H., Majdi, A., Farooq, D., Maqsoom, A., & Butt, F. (2022). Evaluation of the fresh and mechanical properties of nano-engineered self compacting concrete containing graphite nano / micro platelets. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17(May), e01165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01165
Faraj, R. H., Far, A., Sherwani, H., Hama, L., & Ibrahim, D. F. (2021). Rheological behavior and fresh properties of self-compacting high strength concrete containing recycled PP particles with fly ash and silica fume blended. Journal of Building Engineering, 34(July 2020), 101667. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101667
Flatt, R. J. (2016). Conclusions and outlook on the future of concrete admixtures. In Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures (pp. 527–530). Elsevier.
Flatt, R. J., Roussel, N., & Cheeseman, C. R. (2012). Concrete: An eco material that needs to be improved. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 32(11), 2787–2798.
Garci Juenger, M. C., & Jennings, H. M. (2002). New insights into the effects of sugar on the hydration and microstructure of cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(3), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00689-5
Gautam, L., Kumar, J., Jain, A., & Kalla, P. (2022). Valorization of bone-china ceramic powder waste along with granite waste in self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 315(November 2021), 125730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125730
Ge, Z., Feng, Y., Yuan, H., Zhang, H., Sun, R., & Wang, Z. (2021). Durability and shrinkage performance of self-compacting concrete containing recycled fine clay brick aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125041
Gelardi, G., & Flatt, R. J. (2016). Working mechanisms of water reducers and superplasticizers. In Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures (Vol. 2). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100693-1.00011-4
Güneyisi, E., Atewi, Y. R., & Hasan, M. F. (2019). Fresh and rheological properties of glass fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete with nanosilica and fly ash blended. Construction and Building Materials, 211, 349–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.087
Güneyisi, E., & Gesog, M. (2009). Properties of self-compacting concretes made with binary , ternary , and quaternary cementitious blends of fly ash , blast furnace slag , and silica fume. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 1847–1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.015
Güneyisi, E., Kocabag, M. E., Bayram, V., & Mermerdas, K. (2012). Fresh and hardened characteristics of self compacting concretes made with combined use of marble powder , limestone filler , and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 37, 160–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.092
Hajime, O., & Masahiro, O. (2003). Sel-Compacting Concrete. Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, 1(1), 5–15.
Harihanandh, M., Rajeshkumar, V., & Elango, K. S. (2021). Study on mechanical properties of fiber reinforced self compacting concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 3124–3131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.214
Hattori, K. (1979). Experiences with Mighty Superplasticizer in Japan.
https://www.prisma-statement.org/. (2020). PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses). Prismastatement@gmail.Com.
Huang, Y., Zhao, P., Lu, Y., & Zhang, H. (2022). Push-out tests of CFST columns strengthened with self-compacting and self-stressing concrete filled square steel tube. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107263
Jahan, N., Meraz, M., & Islam, H. (2023). Eco-friendly and cost-effective self-compacting concrete using waste banana leaf ash. Journal of Building Engineering, 64(December 2022), 105581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105581
Jain, A., Chaudhary, S., & Gupta, R. (2022). Mechanical and microstructural characterization of fly ash blended self-compacting concrete containing granite waste. Construction and Building Materials, 314(PA), 125480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125480
Jain, A., Choudhary, S., Gupta, R., Chaudhary, S., & Gautam, L. (2022a). Effect of granite industry waste addition on durability properties of fly ash blended self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 340(March), 127727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127727
Jain, A., Choudhary, S., Gupta, R., Chaudhary, S., & Gautam, L. (2022b). Effect of granite industry waste addition on durability properties of fly ash blended self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 340(May), 127727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127727
Jain, A., Gupta, R., & Chaudhary, S. (2020). Sustainable development of self-compacting concrete by using granite waste and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 262, 120516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120516
Jansen, D., Neubauer, J., Goetz-Neunhoeffer, F., Haerzschel, R., & Hergeth, W. D. (2012). Change in reaction kinetics of a Portland cement caused by a superplasticizer - Calculation of heat flow curves from XRD data. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(2), 327–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.10.005
Jawahar, J. G., Sashidhar, C., Reddy, I. V. R., & Peter, J. A. (2013). Micro and macrolevel properties of fly ash blended self compacting concrete. Materials and Design, 46, 696–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.11.027
Jiang, Y., & Zhang, S. (2022). Experimental and analytical study on the mechanical properties of rubberized self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 329(March), 127177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127177
Jolicoeur, C., & Simard, M. A. (1998). Chemical admixture-cement interactions: Phenomenology and physico-chemical concepts. Cement and Concrete Composites, 20(2–3), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-9465(97)00062-0
Karthiga @ Shenbagam, N., Arun Siddharth, M., Kannan, V., & Dhanusree, C. (2023). Experimental investigation of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using fly ash. Materials Today: Proceedings, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.582
Klemczak, B., Gołaszewski, J., Smolana, A., Gołaszewska, M., & Cygan, G. (2023). Shrinkage behaviour of self-compacting concrete with a high volume of fly ash and slag experimental tests and analytical assessment. Construction and Building Materials, 400(July). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132608
Kristiawan, S. A., & Aditya, M. T. M. (2015). Effect of high volume fly ash on shrinkage of self-compacting concrete. Procedia Engineering, 125, 705–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.110
Kristiawan, S. A., & Agung P Nugroho. (2017). Creep behaviour of self-compacting concrete incorporating high volume fly ash and its effect on the long-term deflection of reinforced concrete beam. Procedia Engineering, 171, 715–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.416
Kunhi Mohamed, A., Weckwerth, S. A., Mishra, R. K., Heinz, H., & Flatt, R. J. (2022). Molecular modeling of chemical admixtures; opportunities and challenges. Cement and Concrete Research, 156(November 2021), 106783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106783
Li, N., Lu, Y., Li, S., & Gao, D. (2020). Axial compressive behaviour of steel fibre reinforced self-stressing and self-compacting concrete-filled steel tube columns. Engineering Structures, 222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111108
Li, R., Lei, L., Sui, T., & Plank, J. (2021). Effectiveness of PCE superplasticizers in calcined clay blended cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 141(February 2020), 106334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106334
Liu, J., Zang, S., Yang, F., Hai, R., & Yan, Y. (2023). Fracture properties of steel fibre reinforced high-volume fly ash self-compacting concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 18(October 2022), e02110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02110
Lothenbach, B., Scrivener, K., & Hooton, R. D. (2011). Supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001
Marchon, D., Boscaro, F., & Flatt, R. J. (2019). First steps to the molecular structure optimization of polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers: Mastering fluidity and retardation. Cement and Concrete Research, 115(July 2018), 116–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.10.009
Marchon, D., Juilland, P., Gallucci, E., Frunz, L., & Flatt, R. J. (2017). Molecular and submolecular scale effects of comb-copolymers on tri-calcium silicate reactivity: Toward molecular design. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 100(3), 817–841. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.14695
Marchon, D., Mantellato, S., Eberhardt, A. B., & Flatt, R. J. (2016). Adsorption of chemical admixtures. In Science and Technology of Concrete Admixtures. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100693-1.00010-2
Md Zain, M. R., Oh, C. L., & Lee, S. W. (2021). Investigations on rheological and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) containing 0.6 μm eggshell as partial replacement of cement. Construction and Building Materials, 303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124539
Meena, A., Singh, N., & Singh, S. P. (2023). High-volume fly ash Self Consolidating Concrete with coal bottom ash and recycled concrete aggregates : Fresh , mechanical and microstructural properties. Journal of Building Engineering, 63(PA), 105447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105447
Mervin, E. M., Anand, N., Lubloy, É., & Kiran, T. (2021). Effect of elevated temperature on interfacial shear transfer capacity of self-compacting concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 15(August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00753
Monaliza, M., Pereira, L., Maria, V., Capuzzo, S., & Lameiras, R. D. M. (2022). Evaluation of use of marble and granite cutting waste to the production of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 345(May), 128261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128261
Mustapha, F. A., Sulaiman, A., Mohamed, R. N., & Umara, S. A. (2021). The effect of fly ash and silica fume on self-compacting high- performance concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 39, 965–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.493
Nicoleau, L., & Bertolim, M. A. (2016). Analytical Model for the Alite (C3S) Dissolution Topography. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 99(3), 773–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13647
Nuruzzaman, M., Chandra Jhutan, K., & Prabir Kumar, S. (2022). Strength , permeability and microstructure of self-compacting concrete with the dual use of ferronickel slag as fine aggregate and supplementary binder. Construction and Building Materials, 318(November 2021), 125927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125927
Pathak, N., & Siddique, R. (2012a). Effects of elevated temperatures on properties of self-compacting-concrete containing fly ash and spent foundry sand. Construction and Building Materials, 34, 512–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.026
Pathak, N., & Siddique, R. (2012b). Properties of self-compacting-concrete containing fly ash subjected to elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials, 30, 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.010
Plank, J., & Ilg, M. (2020). The role of chemical admixtures in the formulation of modern advanced concrete. 3rd International Conference on the Application of Superabsorbent Polymers (SAP) and Other New Admixtures Towards Smart Concrete 3, 143–157.
Plank, J., Sakai, E., Miao, C. W., Yu, C., & Hong, J. X. (2015). Chemical admixtures - Chemistry, applications and their impact on concrete microstructure and durability. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.016
Plank, J., & Winter, C. (2008). Competitive adsorption between superplasticizer and retarder molecules on mineral binder surface. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(5), 599–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.12.003
Promsawat, P., Chatveera, B., Sua-iam, G., & Natt, M. (2020). Properties of self-compacting concrete prepared with ternary Portland cement-high volume fl y ash-calcium carbonate blends. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13, e00426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00426
Puthipad, N., Ouchi, M., Rath, S., & Attachaiyawuth, A. (2016). Enhancement in self-compactability and stability in volume of entrained air in self-compacting concrete with high volume fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 128, 349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.087
Puthipad, N., Ouchi, M., Rath, S., & Attachaiyawuth, A. (2017). Enhanced entrainment of fine air bubbles in self-compacting concrete with high volume of fly ash using defoaming agent for improved entrained air stability and higher aggregate content. Construction and Building Materials, 144, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.049
Rao, M. D., Dey, S., & Rao, B. P. (2023). Characterization of fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete by fly ash and cement. Chemistry of Inorganic Materials, 1(July), 100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cinorg.2023.100010
Revilla-cuesta, V., Skaf, M., Santamaría, A., & Espinosa, A. B. (2022). Self-compacting concrete with recycled concrete aggregate subjected to alternating-sign temperature variations : Thermal strain and damage. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 17(May). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01204
Ricardo, P., Matos, D., Foiato, M., Roberto, L., & Jr, P. (2019). Ecological , fresh state and long-term mechanical properties of high-volume fly ash high-performance self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 203, 282–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.074
Richard, P., Cheyrezy, M., Maret, V., Frouin, L., Dugat, J., Roux, N., Bernier, G., BEHLOUL, M., Barranco, M., & Andrade, C. (1995). Les Bétons de Poudres Réactives (BPR) à ultra haute résistance (200 à 800 MPa). Annales de l’institut Technique Du Bâtiment et Des Travaux Publics, 532 (B-320).
Saak, A. W., Jennings, H. M., & Shah, S. P. (2001). New methodology for designing self-compacting concrete. Materials Journal, 98(6), 429–439.
Sari, M., Prat, E., & Labastire, J. F. (1999). High strength self-compacting concrete original solutions associating organic and inorganic admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research, 29(6), 813–818. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00037-X
Scrivener, K., Martirena, F., Bishnoi, S., & Maity, S. (2018). Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 114(August 2017), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017
Selvarani, B., & Preethi, V. (2021). Investigational study on optimum content of GGBS and fibres in fibre non-breakable self compacting concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 47, 6111–6115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.027
Sharbaf, M., Najimi, M., & Ghafoori, N. (2022). A comparative study of natural pozzolan and fly ash : Investigation on abrasion resistance and transport properties of self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 346(February), 128330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128330
Shi, C., Wu, Z., Lv, K., & Wu, L. (2015). A review on mixture design methods for self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 84, 387–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.079
Siddique, R. (2011). Properties of self-compacting concrete containing class F fly ash. Materials and Design, 32(3), 1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.043
Siddique, R. (2013). Compressive strength, water absorption, sorptivity, abrasion resistance and permeability of self-compacting concrete containing coal bottom ash. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1444–1450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.081
Siddique, R., & Kaur, G. (2016). Strength and permeation properties of self-compacting concrete containing fly ash and hooked steel fibres. Construction and Building Materials, 103, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.11.044
Silva, P. R., & Brito, J. De. (2015). Experimental study of the porosity and microstructure of self-compacting concrete ( SCC ) with binary and ternary mixes of fly ash and limestone filler. Construction and Building Materials, 86, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.110
Singh, A., Mehta, P. K., & Kumar, R. (2022). Performance of binary admixtures ( Fly Ash and Silica Fume ) on Self Compacting concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings, 58, 970–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.489
Singh, A., Mehta, P. K., & Kumar, R. (2023). Strength and microstructure analysis of sustainable self-compacting concrete with fly ash , silica fume , and recycled minerals. Materials Today: Proceedings, 78, 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.11.282
Singh, S., Ransinchung, G. D., & Kumar, P. (2017). Effect of mineral admixtures on fresh, mechanical and durability properties of RAP inclusive concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 156, 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.144
Sonebi, M. (2004). Medium strength self-compacting concrete containing fly ash : Modelling using factorial experimental plans. Cement and Concrete Research, 34, 1199–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.022
Sua-iam, G., & Chatveera, B. (2021). A study on workability and mechanical properties of eco-sustainable self-compacting concrete incorporating PCB waste and fly ash. Journal of Cleaner Production, 329(June), 129523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129523
Sua-iam, G., & Chatveera, B. (2022). Effect of printed circuit board dust on the workability and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete : A preliminary study. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 16(November 2021), e00862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00862
Sukumar, B. (2008). Evaluation of strength at early ages of self-compacting concrete with high volume fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 22, 1394–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.04.005
Suraneni, P., & Flatt, R. J. (2015). Use of micro-reactors to obtain new insights into the factors influencing tricalcium silicate dissolution. Cement and Concrete Research, 78, 208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.07.011
Takada, K., Pelova, G. I., & Walraven, J. C. (1998). Influence of Mixing Efficiency on the Mixture Proportion of General Purpose Self-compacting Concrete. Univ.
Thomas, J. J., Jennings, H. M., & Chen, J. J. (2009). Influence of nucleation seeding on the hydration mechanisms of tricalcium silicate and cement. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(11), 4327–4334. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp809811w
Thomas, N. L., & Birchall, J. D. (1983). THE RETARDING ACTION OF SUGARS ON CEMENT HYDRATION. CEMENT and CONCRETE RESEARCH, 13, 830–842. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/aac3b9
Uysal, M., & Tanyildizi, H. (2012). Estimation of compressive strength of self compacting concrete containing polypropylene fiber and mineral additives exposed to high temperature using artificial neural network. Construction and Building Materials, 27(1), 404–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.028
Uysal, M., Yilmaz, K., & Ipek, M. (2012). The effect of mineral admixtures on mechanical properties, chloride ion permeability and impermeability of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 27(1), 263–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.07.049
Vilas Meena, R., Singh Beniwal, A., & Gupta, G. (2023). “Fresh characteristics and compressive strength evaluation of self-compacting concrete prepared with ceramic waste tile and fly ash.” Materials Today: Proceedings, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.687
Vilas, R., Kumar, J., Singh, H., & Singh, A. (2022). Mechanical and durability performance of self-compacting concrete with waste ceramic tile as a replacement for natural river sand. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.12.303
Vinod Kumar, G., & Narendra Kumar, B. (2022). Effect on mechanical, durability and micro structural properties of high strength self compacting concrete with inclusion of micro and nano silica. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, 569–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.064
Yamada, K., Ogawa, S., & Hanehara, S. (2001). Controlling of the adsorption and dispersing force of polycarboxylate-type superplasticizer by sulfate ion concentration in aqueous phase. Cement and Concrete Research, 31(3), 375–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00503-2
Yang, S., Zhang, J., An, X., Qi, B., Shen, D., & Lv, M. (2021). Effects of fly ash and limestone powder on the paste rheological thresholds of self-compacting concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 281, 122560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122560
Yoshioka, K., Sakai, E., Daimon, M., & Kitahara, A. (1997). Role of steric hindrance in the performance of superplasticizers for concrete. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 80(10), 2667–2671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03169.x
Young, J. F. (1972). A review of the mechanisms of set-retardation in portland cement pastes containing organic admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research, 2(4), 415–433. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(72)90057-9
Zhao, H., Sun, W., Wu, X., & Gao, B. (2015). The properties of the self-compacting concrete with fl y ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag mineral admixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.050
Zhi, T., Ting, H., Ekhlasur, M., & Ho, H. (2020). Sustainable lightweight self-compacting concrete using oil palm shell and fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 264, 120590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120590
Zolghadri, A., Ahmadi, B., & Taherkhani, H. (2022). Influence of natural zeolite on fresh properties , compressive strength , flexural strength , abrasion resistance , Cantabro-loss and microstructure of self-consolidating concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 334(March), 127440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127440
Copyright (c) 2026 Moulaï Abdellah Bouabdallah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
