Central Maghreb during The Hammadi Era Embassies in Ad) 1152- 1014/ (405- 547 Ah
Abstract
This article attempts to address the diplomatic aspect in the Central Maghreb during the Hammadi Era, by shedding light on the relations of the Emirate of Bani Hammad with its neighbors through the exchange of embassies of various kinds, and the extent of its control over the use of this type of diplomacy to serve its interests. In this study, we will mention the various types of Hammadid embassies that they exchanged with their neighbors, whether they were political, religious, to establish alliance and cooperation relations, for intermarriage and the exchange of gifts, or for condolence.
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