Numidian diplomacy from the beginning of the Second Pune War to the death of Massinissa 218-148 BC
Keywords:
Massinissa, Sephax, Diplomacy, Numidia
Abstract
Numidian diplomacy was one of the greatest files of the Second Pune War 218-201B.C. The Numid Kings have held alliances with the conflicting international powers in the western Mediterranean with most positions identified. Numidia diplomacy has its depth in local history. It has resolved many geopolitical issues from neighbourhood problems with Carthage. International conferences to gather Carthaginians and Romans in addition to linking relations with the external world, especially after Numedia's unification, Overall, it can be argued that Numidés diplomacy is often unable to do so; Especially, Numid monarchs have used special methods to win alliances and influence decisions such as exchanging gifts and melting, protecting delegations. In addition, the importance of this article is that it removes the confusion from the diplomatic file that the Numid Kings have moved to reach the regional balances of making alliances because this war needed such a strategy. The Numid Kings invested in this file to preserve their entities and nations.
References
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al-Barkī, Miftāḥ Muḥammad Saʿīd. (2008). al-Ṣirāʿ al-Qarṭājī al-Ighrīqī min al-Qarn al-Sādis Q.M. ilā al-Qarn al-Thālith Q.M. Cairo: Majlis al-Thaqāfah al-ʿĀmm.
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Shunaytī, Muḥammad al-Bashīr. (1985). al-Iḥtilāl al-Rūmānī li-Bilād al-Maghrib: Siyāsat al-Rawmanah (146 Q.M.–40 M.). 2nd ed. Algiers: al-Muʾassasah al-Waṭaniyyah li-al-Kitāb.
Shunaytī, Muḥammad al-Bashīr. (2018). Dirāsāt fī al-Tārīkh wa-al-Āthār wa-al-Muqāwamah bi-al-Jazāʾir wa-Bilād al-Maghrib. Algiers: Kunūz al-Ḥikmah.
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Farḥātī, Fatīḥah. (2007). Nūmīdiyā min Ḥukm al-Malik Ghāyā ilā Bidāyat al-Iḥtilāl al-Rūmānī (213–46 Q.M.). Mitidja: Manshūrāt Abīk.
Fanṭar, Muḥammad. Yughurṭah min Mulūk Shimāl Ifrīqiyā wa-Abṭālihā. Tunis: al-Dār al-Tūnisiyyah li-al-Nashr, n.d.
Masraḥī, Jamāl. (2008–2009). al-Muqāwamah al-Nūmīdiyyah li-al-Iḥtilāl al-Rūmānī fī al-Janūb al-Sharqī al-Jazāʾirī: Thawrāt al-Awrās wa-al-Tukhūm al-Ṣaḥrāwiyyah Anmūdhajan. M.A. thesis, Jāmiʿat Muntūrī, Constantine.
Masraḥī, Jamāl. (2017–2018). Awḍāʿ Sharq al-Jazāʾir al-Qadīm min Zawāl al-Mamlakah al-Nūmīdiyyah Ḥattā al-Ghazawāt al-Wandāliyyah (46 Q.M.–429 M.). Ph.D. dissertation, Jāmiʿat al-Jazāʾir.
Mayādān, Madeline Hourse. (1981). Tārīkh Qarṭāj. Translated by Ibrāhīm Bālash. 1st ed. Beirut: Manshūrāt ʿUwaydāt.
Sāyiḥ, Marzūq Aḥmad. (2019). "Muʿāhadat Zāmā: Bidāyah li-Nihāyat Qarṭājah." Majallat al-Ḥiwār al-Mutawassiṭ, 10(2).
al-Shahrānī, Muḥammad Saʿd ʿAbd Allāh. (2015). "Taṭawwur Mafhūm al-Diblūmāsiyyah fī Bilād al-Yūnān wa-al-Sharq al-Adnā Khilāl al-Qarnayn al-Rābiʿ wa-al-Thālith Qabl al-Mīlād." Majallat Buḥūth al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ, no. 48.
ʿAqqūn, Muḥammad al-ʿArabī. (2010). "Māsīnissā min Istiʿādat Ḥaqqihi fī al-ʿArsh ilā Bināʾ al-Waḥdah al-Nūmīdiyyah (238–148 Q.M.)." Majallat al-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyyah wa-al-Insāniyyah, no. 22.
Masʿī, ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq. (2017). "al-ʿAlāqāt al-Siyāsiyyah wa-al-Tijāriyyah Bayna al-Mamlakah al-Nūmīdiyyah wa-Jazīrat Dīlūs Khilāl al-Qarn al-Thānī Qabl al-Mīlād." Majallat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, 14(1).
Muḍawī, Khālidiyyah. (2007). "Masīrāt Ḥaḍāriyyah li-al-Malik Sīfāks (220–202 Q.M.)." Majallat al-Mawāqif li-al-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt fī al-Mujtamaʿ wa-al-Tārīkh, no. 10.
Maghārī, Nawāl. (2015). "Qirāʾah fī Taṭawwur al-ʿAlāqāt al-Silmiyyah Bayna Qarṭājah wa-al-Lībiyyīn (480–146 Q.M.)." Majallat al-Ḥikmah li-al-Dirāsāt al-Tārīkhiyyah, 3(5).
ʿAbbūdī, Henry S. (1991). Muʿjam al-Ḥaḍārāt al-Sāmiyyah. 2nd ed. Lebanon: Grous Press.
Berthier, André. (1981). La Numidie, Rome et le Maghreb. Paris: Picard.
Polybius. (1970). Histoires. Trans. Denis Roussel. Paris: Gallimard (Bibliothèque de la Pléiade), Vol. XV.
Decret, François, & Fantar, Mohamed. (1981). L'Afrique du Nord dans l'Antiquité: Histoire et Civilisations. Paris: Payot.
Picard, Gilbert Charles, & Picard, Colette. (1958). La Vie quotidienne à Carthage au temps d'Hannibal (IIIe siècle avant Jésus-Christ). Paris: Hachette.
Lacroix, André. Histoire de la Numidie et de la Maurétanie depuis les temps les plus anciens jusqu'à l'arrivée des Vandales en Afrique. Paris: Librairie Ernest Leroux.
Pliny the Elder. (1980). Histoire naturelle. Trans. Jehan Desanges. Paris.
Livy. History of Rome. Trans. Frank Gardner Moore. New York: Columbia University Press.
Oulad Tahar, Mouhamad. (2006). "L'Hellénisme dans le royaume numide au IIe siècle av. J.-C." Antiquités Africaines, 40–41.
Sfar, Ahmed. La Civilisation du Maghreb arabe dans l'histoire: De la préhistoire à la fin des Byzantins. Tunis: Éditions Bouslama.
Diodorus Siculus. Histoire universelle. Trans. Abbé Terrasson. Paris: Adolphe Delahays.
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