The Sumerian Origins in Mesopotamia: An Examination of Archaeological Evidence and Anthropological Theories
Keywords:
Sumerians, Sumerian origin, Sumerian City state, Sumerian archaeological, Theories of Sumerian Assets
Abstract
تتعلق مداخلتي الموسومة أعلاه بأحد معضلات البحث التاريخي في تاريخ و حضارة الشرق الأدنى القديم، كونها تتناول قضية الانتماء الجنسي للسومريين الذين يُحسبون حسب كثير من الدارسين أولى الشعوب التي نقلت الإنسانية من العصور الما قبل تاريخية الى التمدن و دخول المرحلة التاريخية ، و بخاصة بعد ابتكارهم للكتابة التصويرية في الوركاء منذ العهد الشبيه بالكتابي أواسط الألف الرابع قبل الميلاد .
هذا و حاول كثير من الدارسين ـ بعد فك شيفرة الخط المسماري باللغة المسمارية ـ تفسير أصول السومريين ، و في ذلك اختلفت النظريات و تعددت حسب منطلق كل فصيل علمي و سار الدارسون في ذلك مذاهب شتى، كان من أهم من كتب في الموضوع رواد البحث الأثري و التاريخي في الشرق الأدنى الذين حاولوا نسبة السومريين الى أصول جنسية حسب المخلفات و اللقى الأثرية ، و في المقابل ظهرت هناك نظريات علمية صاغها علماء الأنثروبولوجيا في تناول هذه القضية .
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Al-Baʿlabakkī, Munīr. Mawsūʿat Aʿlām al-Mawrid. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Malāyīn, 1992.
Al-Dabbāgh, Taqī, et al. Al-ʿIrāq fī al-Tārīkh. Baghdad: Dār al-Ḥurriyyah, 1983.
Al-Dabbāgh, Taqī, et al. “Al-Kitābah.” In Ḥaḍārat al-ʿIrāq. Vol. 1. Baghdad: Wizārat al-Thaqāfah wa-al-Iʿlām, 1958.
Al-Maʿmūrī, Nājiʿ. “Ḥaqīqat al-Sūmariyyīn: Naẓariyyah ʿIrāqiyyah Jadīdah.” Majallat al-Madá al-Thaqāfiyyah, no. 1265, 2008.
Bāqir, Ṭāhā. “Gilgāmish wa-al-Ṭūfān.” Majallat Sumer. Vol. 5, no. 2, 1950.
Bāqir, Ṭāhā. Muqaddimah fī Tārīkh al-Ḥaḍārāt al-Qadīmah. Vol. 1. 1st ed. Baghdad: Dār al-Warrāq, 2011.
Būsalīn, Ṣufyān. Al-Ḥayāh al-Siyāsiyyah wa-al-Thaqāfiyyah fī Bilād Sūmar Khilāl ʿAhd Sulālat Ūr al-Thālithah (2112–2004 B.C.). Unpublished M.A. Thesis. University of Algiers 2, 2011.
Delaporte, Louis. Bilād Mā Bayna al-Nahrayn: al-Ḥaḍāratān al-Bābiliyyah wa-al-Āshūriyyah. Translated by Muḥarram Kamāl. 2nd ed. Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 1997.
Frankfort, Henri. Fajr al-Ḥaḍārah fī al-Sharq al-Adná. Translated by Mīkhāʾīl Khūrī. Beirut–New York: Dār Maktabat al-Ḥayāh and Franklin Publications, 1959.
Ḥannūn, Nāʾil. Ḥaqīqat al-Sūmariyyīn wa-Dirāsāt Ukhrá fī ʿIlm al-Āthār wa-al-Nuṣūṣ al-Mismāriyyah. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār al-Zamān, 2007.
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Kramer, Samuel Noah. Min Alwāḥ Sūmar. Translated by Ṭāhā Bāqir. Baghdad–Cairo: Maktabat al-Muthanná wa-Muʾassasat al-Khānjī, 1957.
Momigliano, Arnaldo. “Introduction to a Discussion of Eduard Meyer.” In Studies on Modern Scholarship. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Mortgat, Anton. Tārīkh al-Sharq al-Adná al-Qadīm. Translated by Tawfīq Sulaymān et al. Damascus: Maṭbaʿat al-Inshāʾ, 1967.
Parrot, André. Archéologie mésopotamienne. 2 vols. Paris: Albin Michel, 1953.
Roux, Georges. La Mésopotamie. Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1995.
Ṣāliḥ, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm: Miṣr wa-al-ʿIrāq. Cairo: Maktabat al-Anjlū al-Miṣriyyah, 2012.
Salīm, Aḥmad Amīn. Dirāsāt fī Tārīkh al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm: Miṣr, al-ʿIrāq, wa-Īrān. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah al-ʿArabiyyah, 1989.
Sacks, Harry. ʿAẓamat Bābil. Translated by ʿĀmir Sulaymān. 2nd ed. Mosul: Dār al-Kutub lil-Ṭibāʿah wa-al-Nashr, 1979.
Speiser, Ephraim A. Mesopotamian Origins: The Basic Population of the Near East. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930.
Sulaymān, Tawfīq. Dirāsāt fī Ḥaḍārāt Gharb Āsiyā al-Qadīmah min Aqdam al-ʿUṣūr ilá 1190 B.C. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār Dimashq.
Sūsah, Aḥmad. Ḥaḍārat Wādī al-Rāfidayn Bayna al-Sāmiyyīn wa-al-Sūmariyyīn. Baghdad: Dār al-Ḥurriyyah lil-Ṭibāʿah, 1980.
ʿAbbūdī, Henry S. Muʿjam al-Ḥaḍārāt al-Sāmiyyah. 2nd ed. Beirut: Gros Press, 1991.
ʿAbd al-Hādī, Saʿdūn, and ʿAqīl ʿAbd Allāh Yāsīn. “Al-Ṣilāt al-Tijāriyyah wa-al-Thaqāfiyyah Bayna Ḥaḍāratay al-ʿIrāq wa-al-Hind fī al-Tārīkh al-Qadīm (2800–539 B.C.).” Majallat Kulliyyat al-Tarbiyah, no. 10. University of Wasit.
Von Soden, Wolfram. Madkhal ilá Ḥaḍārāt al-Sharq al-Adná. Translated by Fārūq Ismāʿīl. Damascus: Dār al-Madá, 2003.
Woolley, C. Leonard. Les Sumériens. Translated by E. Levy. Paris: Bibliothèque Historique, Payot, 1930.
Grand Larousse Encyclopédique. Paris: Librairie Larousse, 1963.
Nukhbah min al-Bāḥithīn al-ʿIrāqiyyīn. Ḥaḍārat al-ʿIrāq. Vol. 4. Baghdad, 1985.
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