The image of Islam in the civilization formation of the ottoman empire

  • Fatima Zohra Rahmani university of Alger2
Keywords: Islam, Ottoman empire, Islamic Politic, Reigious tolerance, jihad

Abstract

    The study aims to look at one of the Ottoman issues that are still controversial to date among academic scholars, as a result of the falsification and distortion that the colonial school faced. It is the status of Islam in the Ottoman state from its start to its fall, by focusing on the image of Islam in various Ottoman.

     The most important findings of this study are that Islam in the Ottoman state formed a fundamental pillar in its construction, growth and development, and the state built its rules and rules by applying Islamic law and adopting it as its official religion.

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Published
2021-06-30