Epidemics and plagues in the kingdom of Granada (The Black Death as a model)
Keywords:
Epidemics, plagues, Granada, Doctors
Abstract
Historical research on epidemics is an important type of research. It documents lessons learned from devasting human experiences. This research deals with the Black Death epidemic which spread in Kingdom of Granada and to most parts of the world between the years (748-750/1347-1351) The research aims to trace the most important literature on the causes of the epidemic, its appearance, its spread, and its economic, social, and health impact. The researcher adopted the historical method. The key findings from this research are: The most important factor contributed to the spread of the plague documented in the literature was the ignorance about the plague and its modes of transmission significantly contributed to its spread. Andalusian scientists played a key role in social mobilization and improved community participation to control the epidemic. Doctors at the Kingdom of Granada like Ibn Al-Khateeb, Ibn Khatema, and Al-Shaqoury have significantly contributed to the black death literature. They have described a clinical case definition for the plague, its causes, symptoms, and its prevention and control.
References
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al-Anṭākī, Dāwūd ibn ʿUmar. Bughyat al-Muḥtāj fī al-Mujarrab min al-ʿIlāj. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995.
Ibn Abī Ḥajalah. Dafʿ al-Naqmah bi-al-Ṣalāh ʿalā Nabī al-Raḥmah. Manuscript. Alukah Digital Library.
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al-Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl. Tāj al-Lughah wa-Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿArabiyyah. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2009.
Khayyāṭ, Yūsuf. Muʿjam al-Muṣṭalaḥāt al-ʿIlmiyyah wa-al-Fanniyyah. Beirut: Dār Lisān al-ʿArab.
Qalʿajī, Muḥammad Rawwās. Muʿjam Lughat al-Fuqahāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Nafāʾis, 1996.
al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad. al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb. Reviewed by Muḥammad Muḥammad Ismāʿīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2000.
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Mā Rawāhu al-Wāʿūn fī Akhbār al-Ṭāʿūn. Manuscript. Alukah Digital Library.
al-Fīrūzābādī, Majd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2005.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-Buldān. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d
Bilālṭah, ʿAbīr. al-Ṭāʿūn al-Jārif wa-Taʾthīruhu al-Dhihnī ʿalā Insān Bilād al-Maghrib al-Islāmī ilā Tamām al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ al-Hijrī / al-Khāmis ʿAshar al-Mīlādī. Master's thesis, University of M'Sila, Algeria, 2020.
al-Manājaʿah, ʿĪd Ṣabāḥ Ḥamdān. al-Majāʿāt wa-al-Awbiʾah wa-al-Amrāḍ wa-al-Kawārith al-Ṭabīʿiyyah fī al-Andalus min al-Fatḥ ilā al-Suqūṭ (92–897 AH / 711–1492 CE). PhD dissertation, Mu'tah University, Jordan, 2014.
Ṣalāḥ, Muḥammad Ḥamzah. al-Kawārith al-Ṭabīʿiyyah fī Bilād al-Shām wa-Miṣr (491–923 AH / 1097–1517 CE). Master's thesis, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine, 2009.
Journal Articles
Baljah, ʿAbd al-Qādir. “Mamlakat Gharnāṭah fī Muwājahat al-Ṭāʿūn fī al-Qarn al-Thāmin al-Hijrī / al-Rābiʿ ʿAshar al-Mīlādī.” Majallat al-ʿIbar lil-Dirāsāt al-Tārīkhiyyah wa-al-Athariyyah, vol. 3, no. 2, 2020.
Rashīd, Yamānī. “Mawqif Aṭibbāʾ Gharnāṭah min Wabāʾ Muntaṣaf al-Qarn al-Thāmin al-Hijrī.” Kān Historical Journal, no. 43, 2019.
Rashīd, Yamānī. “Tadāʿiyāt Wabāʾ Muntaṣaf al-Qarn al-Thāmin al-Hijrī ʿalā al-Ḥayāh al-Fikriyyah fī Gharnāṭah.” al-Majallah al-Jazāʾiriyyah lil-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Tārīkhiyyah al-Mutawassiṭiyyah, vol. 1, no. 2, 2015.
ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, Rāʾid. “Risālat al-Nabaʾ ʿan al-Wabāʾ li-Zayn al-Dīn Ibn al-Wardī: Dirāsah Naqdiyyah.” An-Najah University Journal for Research (Humanities), vol. 24, no. 5, 2010.
al-Saʿdāwī, Aḥmad. “al-Maghrib al-Islāmī fī Muwājahat al-Ṭāʿūn al-Aʿẓam wa-al-Ṭawāʿīn allatī Talat-hu.” Majallat Maʿhad al-Ādāb al-ʿArabiyyah (IBLA), no. 175, Tunisia, 1995.
al-Ṣallābī, Muḥammad Yāsir. “Athar al-Qaḥṭ wa-al-Majāʿāt wa-al-Awbiʾah ʿalā al-Anshiṭah al-Iqtiṣādiyyah fī al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā Khilāl Awākhir al-ʿAṣr al-Wasīṭ.” In al-Ayyām al-Waṭaniyyah al-ʿĀshirah: al-Majāʿāt wa-al-Awbiʾah fī Tārīkh al-Maghrib. Moroccan Association for Historical Research, Rabat, 2002.
al-Bayyāḍ, ʿAbd al-Hādī. al-Kawārith al-Ṭabīʿiyyah wa-Atharuhā fī Sulūk wa-Dhihniyyāt al-Insān fī al-Maghrib wa-al-Andalus. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿah, 2008.
Farḥāt, Yūsuf Shukrī. Gharnāṭah fī Ẓill Banī al-Aḥmar. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1993.
Jabr, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Razzāq. al-Ṭāʿūn: al-Khaṭar al-Qādim. Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, 2019.
al-Ḥajjī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿAlī. al-Tārīkh al-Andalusī min al-Fatḥ al-Islāmī Ḥattā Suqūṭ Gharnāṭah. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1981.
Manṣūr, Zaynab. Muʿjam al-Amrāḍ wa-ʿIlājuhā. Amman: Dār Usāmah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2010.
Walker, Richard. al-Awbiʾah wa-al-Ṭawāʿīn. Translated by Markaz Ibn al-ʿImād lil-Tarjamah. Beirut: al-Dār al-ʿArabiyyah lil-ʿUlūm, 2007.
Zaynal, Mihād ʿAbbās. al-Injāzāt al-ʿIlmiyyah lil-Aṭibbāʾ fī al-Andalus. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2013.
Foreign References
Gasquet, Francis Aidan. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349. 2nd ed. London: George Bell and Sons, 1908.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Plague: Transmission. Accessed 10 May 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Plague: Symptoms. Accessed 10 May 2021.
World Health Organization (WHO). Plague. 2017. Accessed 10 May 2021.
Abū al-Ḥubb, Jalīl. al-Ḥasharāt al-Nāqilah lil-Amrāḍ. Silsilat ʿĀlam al-Maʿrifah. Kuwait: National Council for Culture, Arts and Letters, 1982.
al-Anṭākī, Dāwūd ibn ʿUmar. Bughyat al-Muḥtāj fī al-Mujarrab min al-ʿIlāj. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995.
Ibn Abī Ḥajalah. Dafʿ al-Naqmah bi-al-Ṣalāh ʿalā Nabī al-Raḥmah. Manuscript. Alukah Digital Library.
Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh. Tuḥfat al-Nuẓẓār fī Gharāʾib al-Amṣār wa-ʿAjāʾib al-Asfār. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī al-Tāzī. Rabat: Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco, 1997.
Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. al-ʿIbar wa-Dīwān al-Mubtadaʾ wa-al-Khabar. Beirut, 1970.
Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn. Edited by Darwīsh al-Juwaydī. Beirut: al-Maktabah al-ʿAṣriyyah, 2008.
Ibn al-Khaṭīb, Lisān al-Dīn. al-Iḥāṭah fī Akhbār Gharnāṭah. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ʿInān. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānjī, 1975.
Ibn al-Khaṭīb, Lisān al-Dīn. al-Lamḥah al-Badriyyah.
Ibn al-Khaṭīb, Lisān al-Dīn. Muqniʿat al-Sāʾil ʿan al-Maraḍ al-Hāʾil. Rabat: Dār al-Amān, 2015.
Ibn Manẓūr, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Faḍl. Lisān al-ʿArab. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, n.d.
Ibn al-Nafīs, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAlī. al-Ṣaydalah al-Mujarrabah. Beirut: Dār al-Maḥajjah al-Bayḍāʾ, 2002.
Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn. al-Qānūn fī al-Ṭibb. Annotated by Muḥammad Amīn al-Ḍannāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1999.
al-Jawharī, Abū Naṣr Ismāʿīl. Tāj al-Lughah wa-Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿArabiyyah. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2009.
Khayyāṭ, Yūsuf. Muʿjam al-Muṣṭalaḥāt al-ʿIlmiyyah wa-al-Fanniyyah. Beirut: Dār Lisān al-ʿArab.
Qalʿajī, Muḥammad Rawwās. Muʿjam Lughat al-Fuqahāʾ. Beirut: Dār al-Nafāʾis, 1996.
al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad. al-Ḥāwī fī al-Ṭibb. Reviewed by Muḥammad Muḥammad Ismāʿīl. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2000.
al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Mā Rawāhu al-Wāʿūn fī Akhbār al-Ṭāʿūn. Manuscript. Alukah Digital Library.
al-Fīrūzābādī, Majd al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Qāmūs al-Muḥīṭ. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2005.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-Buldān. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.d
Bilālṭah, ʿAbīr. al-Ṭāʿūn al-Jārif wa-Taʾthīruhu al-Dhihnī ʿalā Insān Bilād al-Maghrib al-Islāmī ilā Tamām al-Qarn al-Tāsiʿ al-Hijrī / al-Khāmis ʿAshar al-Mīlādī. Master's thesis, University of M'Sila, Algeria, 2020.
al-Manājaʿah, ʿĪd Ṣabāḥ Ḥamdān. al-Majāʿāt wa-al-Awbiʾah wa-al-Amrāḍ wa-al-Kawārith al-Ṭabīʿiyyah fī al-Andalus min al-Fatḥ ilā al-Suqūṭ (92–897 AH / 711–1492 CE). PhD dissertation, Mu'tah University, Jordan, 2014.
Ṣalāḥ, Muḥammad Ḥamzah. al-Kawārith al-Ṭabīʿiyyah fī Bilād al-Shām wa-Miṣr (491–923 AH / 1097–1517 CE). Master's thesis, Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine, 2009.
Journal Articles
Baljah, ʿAbd al-Qādir. “Mamlakat Gharnāṭah fī Muwājahat al-Ṭāʿūn fī al-Qarn al-Thāmin al-Hijrī / al-Rābiʿ ʿAshar al-Mīlādī.” Majallat al-ʿIbar lil-Dirāsāt al-Tārīkhiyyah wa-al-Athariyyah, vol. 3, no. 2, 2020.
Rashīd, Yamānī. “Mawqif Aṭibbāʾ Gharnāṭah min Wabāʾ Muntaṣaf al-Qarn al-Thāmin al-Hijrī.” Kān Historical Journal, no. 43, 2019.
Rashīd, Yamānī. “Tadāʿiyāt Wabāʾ Muntaṣaf al-Qarn al-Thāmin al-Hijrī ʿalā al-Ḥayāh al-Fikriyyah fī Gharnāṭah.” al-Majallah al-Jazāʾiriyyah lil-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Tārīkhiyyah al-Mutawassiṭiyyah, vol. 1, no. 2, 2015.
ʿAbd al-Raḥīm, Rāʾid. “Risālat al-Nabaʾ ʿan al-Wabāʾ li-Zayn al-Dīn Ibn al-Wardī: Dirāsah Naqdiyyah.” An-Najah University Journal for Research (Humanities), vol. 24, no. 5, 2010.
al-Saʿdāwī, Aḥmad. “al-Maghrib al-Islāmī fī Muwājahat al-Ṭāʿūn al-Aʿẓam wa-al-Ṭawāʿīn allatī Talat-hu.” Majallat Maʿhad al-Ādāb al-ʿArabiyyah (IBLA), no. 175, Tunisia, 1995.
al-Ṣallābī, Muḥammad Yāsir. “Athar al-Qaḥṭ wa-al-Majāʿāt wa-al-Awbiʾah ʿalā al-Anshiṭah al-Iqtiṣādiyyah fī al-Maghrib al-Aqṣā Khilāl Awākhir al-ʿAṣr al-Wasīṭ.” In al-Ayyām al-Waṭaniyyah al-ʿĀshirah: al-Majāʿāt wa-al-Awbiʾah fī Tārīkh al-Maghrib. Moroccan Association for Historical Research, Rabat, 2002.
al-Bayyāḍ, ʿAbd al-Hādī. al-Kawārith al-Ṭabīʿiyyah wa-Atharuhā fī Sulūk wa-Dhihniyyāt al-Insān fī al-Maghrib wa-al-Andalus. Beirut: Dār al-Ṭalīʿah, 2008.
Farḥāt, Yūsuf Shukrī. Gharnāṭah fī Ẓill Banī al-Aḥmar. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1993.
Jabr, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Razzāq. al-Ṭāʿūn: al-Khaṭar al-Qādim. Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt, 2019.
al-Ḥajjī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ʿAlī. al-Tārīkh al-Andalusī min al-Fatḥ al-Islāmī Ḥattā Suqūṭ Gharnāṭah. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1981.
Manṣūr, Zaynab. Muʿjam al-Amrāḍ wa-ʿIlājuhā. Amman: Dār Usāmah lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʿ, 2010.
Walker, Richard. al-Awbiʾah wa-al-Ṭawāʿīn. Translated by Markaz Ibn al-ʿImād lil-Tarjamah. Beirut: al-Dār al-ʿArabiyyah lil-ʿUlūm, 2007.
Zaynal, Mihād ʿAbbās. al-Injāzāt al-ʿIlmiyyah lil-Aṭibbāʾ fī al-Andalus. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2013.
Foreign References
Gasquet, Francis Aidan. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349. 2nd ed. London: George Bell and Sons, 1908.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Plague: Transmission. Accessed 10 May 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Plague: Symptoms. Accessed 10 May 2021.
World Health Organization (WHO). Plague. 2017. Accessed 10 May 2021.
Published
2021-06-30
Section
Articles
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