Marriage in the ancient Maghreb in light of sexual pornography and the phenomenon of polygamy
Keywords:
Marriage, polygamy, , sexual promiscuity, ancient Maghreb.
Abstract
This article aims to study the conditions of women and the family in the ancient Maghreb because of their impact on society in various stages of its development. She was known for her widespread practice of commonsense and sacred permissibility, when women were the property of all, making them less important than animals, according to some classical writers.
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Pline l'Ancien. Histoire naturelle: L'Afrique du Nord. Translated by Jehan Desanges. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1980.
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Al-Athram, Rajab ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Muḥāḍarāt fī Tārīkh Lībiyā. Benghazi: Manshūrāt Jāmiʿat Qār Yūnus, 2002.
Al-Athram, Rajab ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. “Hīrūdūtus wa-al-Lībiyyūn.” Majallat al-Buḥūth al-Tārīkhiyyah, no. 2, 1993.
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Ayyūb, Muḥammad Sulaymān. Jarmah fī Tārīkh al-Ḥaḍārah al-Lībiyyah. 1st ed. Tripoli: Dār al-Miṣrātī li-al-Ṭibāʿah wa-al-Nashr, 1969.
Bishī, Ibrāhīm al-ʿĪd. “Makānat al-Marʾah al-Ṭawāriqiyyah.” Majallat al-Āthār, vol. 9, no. 1, 2011.
Būdukhah, Maryam. “Taʿaddud al-Zawjāt: Hal Hiya Khāṣṣiyyah Islāmiyyah? Dirāsah Naẓariyyah.” Majallat al-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, vol. 10, no. 5, 2016.
Būghrārah, Wafāʾ. Al-ʿAlāqāt al-Ijtimāʿiyyah wa-al-Thaqāfiyyah Bayna al-Maghrib al-Qadīm wa-Shuʿūb al-Baḥr al-Abyaḍ al-Mutawassiṭ. PhD diss., University of Adrar, 2018.
Būghrārah, Wafāʾ. “Ẓāhirat Taʿaddud al-Zawjāt fī al-Usrah al-Lūbiyyah al-Qadīmah.” Majallat al-Ḥiwār al-Fikrī, vol. 13, no. 16, 2018.
Farḥātī, Fatīḥah. Numīdiyā min Ḥukm al-Malik Jāyā ilā Bidāyat al-Iḥtilāl al-Rūmānī (213–46 BC). Manshūrāt Abīk, 2007.
Fakhrī, Aḥmad. Miṣr al-Firʿawniyyah: Mūjaz Tārīkh Miṣr Mundhu Aqdam al-ʿUṣūr Ḥattā 332 Q.M. Cairo: al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 2012.
Fatḥī al-Makkī. Iqbāl al-Marʾah ʿalā al-Bighāʾ fī al-Mujtamaʿ al-Jazāʾirī. PhD diss., Blida 2 University, 2019.
Ghānim, Muḥammad al-Ṣaghīr. Sīrtā al-Numīdiyyah: al-Nashʾah wa-al-Taṭawwur. ʿAyn Mlila: Dār al-Hudā, 2008.
Jād, Ghādah Muḥammad Sayyid Aḥmad. Anāshīd al-Zawāj al-Rūmāniyyah Ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-Awwal al-Mīlādī: Dirāsah Adabiyyah Ijtimāʿiyyah. Master's thesis, Alexandria University, 2007.
Jāb Allāh, Khālid Ādam. “Al-Mūsīqā wa-al-Ṭarab fī al-Mujtamaʿ al-Lībī Qabla al-Istīṭān al-Ighrīqī.” In Proceedings of the Second Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Arts, University of Zawia, 2018.
Khāshah, al-Saʿīd. “Al-Usrah, Ṭuqūs al-Zawāj wa-Taʿlīm al-Aṭfāl fī al-Fatrah al-Rūmāniyyah.” Majallat al-Ḥikmah lil-Dirāsāt al-Tārīkhiyyah, no. 11, 2017.
Khushaym, ʿAlī Fahmī. Nuṣūṣ Lībiyyah. 1st ed. Libya: Manshūrāt al-Muʾassasah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Thaqāfah, 2009.
Lahlu, Aksel. Al-Tarkībah al-Ijtimāʿiyyah lil-Maghrib al-Qadīm. Master's thesis, University of Algiers 2, 2016.
Lablāq, Asmāʾ. Al-Taḥawwulāt al-Thaqāfiyyah wa-al-Ramziyyah li-Marāsim al-Zawāj fī al-Usrah al-Tilimsāniyyah. Master's thesis, University of Oran 2, 2012.
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Masʿūdī, Umm al-Khayr. “Al-Zawāj wa-al-Usrah.” Majallat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, vol. 2, no. 2, 2009.
Muʾmin, ʿAlī Muʾmin Idrīs. Al-Ḥayāh al-Ijtimāʿiyyah al-Rūmāniyyah fī al-ʿAhd al-Jumhūrī (133–27 B.C.). Master's thesis, University of Benghazi, 2012.
Muʾmin, ʿAlī Muʾmin Idrīs. “Al-ʿĀdāt wa-al-Taqālīd ʿinda al-Lībiyyīn al-Qudamāʾ Khilāl al-Fatrah al-Firʿawniyyah wa-al-Ighrīqiyyah al-Mubakkirah.” In Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the Faculty of Arts, University of Zawia, 2018.
Muqaddam, Bint al-Nabī. Al-Usrah fī Bilād al-Maghrib al-Qadīm Khilāl al-ʿAhd al-Rūmānī al-Imbirāṭūrī al-Aʿlā. PhD diss., University of Algiers 2, 2013.
Muqaddam, Bint al-Nabī. “Hīrūdūt Yataḥaddath ʿan al-Ḥayāh al-Ijtimāʿiyyah li-Sukkān Bilād al-Maghrib al-Qadīm.” In Abḥāth wa-Dirāsāt Tārīkhiyyah wa-Athariyyah. Algeria: Muʾassasat Kunūz al-Ḥikmah, 2016.
Muqaddam, Bint al-Nabī, and ʿĀʾishah Saʿdān. “Al-Marʾah fī al-Jazāʾir al-Qadīmah min Khilāl Iʿtirāfāt Awghusṭīnūs.” Majallat ʿUṣūr al-Jadīdah, vol. 10, no. 1, 2020.
Muḥammad, Lamyāʾ ʿAlī. Al-Ḥayāh al-Ijtimāʿiyyah fī Madīnat Rūmā al-Qadīmah Mundhu Tawallī al-Imbirāṭūr Awghusṭus Ḥattā Nihāyat al-Usrah al-Sayfariyyah (27 B.C.–235 A.D.). Master's thesis, University of Tripoli, 2019.
Al-Mayyār, ʿAbd al-Karīm. Qūrīnāʾiyyah fī al-ʿAṣr al-Rūmānī (74 B.C.–117 A.D.). 1st ed. Tripoli: Manshūrāt al-Sharikah al-ʿĀmmah, 1978.
Nāfijah, ʿAbd al-Mālik. ʿĀdāt wa-Ṭuqūs al-Zawāj: Muqārabah Anthrūbūlūjiyyah lil-Mujtamaʿ al-Maḥallī bi-Sharīʿah. PhD diss., University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, 2018.
Shanītī, Muḥammad al-Bashīr. Al-Taghayyurāt al-Iqtiṣādiyyah wa-al-Ijtimāʿiyyah fī al-Maghrib Athnāʾ al-Iḥtilāl al-Rūmānī. Algiers: al-Muʾassasah al-Waṭaniyyah lil-Kitāb, 1984.
Shlūf, ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad. “Dirāsāt fī Tārīkh Lībiyā al-Qadīm: Qabīlat al-Nāsāmūnīs.” Majallat Qār Yūnus al-ʿIlmiyyah, nos. 1–2, 1991.
Sirāj, Aḥmad. “Al-Marʾah min Khilāl Fusayfisāʾ fī Shimāl Ifrīqiyā.” Majallat al-Amal, nos. 13–14, 1998.
Ṭayyāb, Maryam. Al-Nuẓum al-Ijtimāʿiyyah fī Nūmīdiyā (Min Maṭlaʿ al-Qarn al-Awwal al-Mīlādī ilā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-Thālith al-Mīlādī). Master's thesis, University of Colonel Ahmed Draia, Adrar, 2015.
Al-Ṭāhir, ʿAbd al-Jalīl. Al-Mujtamaʿ al-Lībī. Sidon–Beirut: Manshūrāt al-Maktabah al-ʿAṣriyyah, 1969.
ʿAqūn, Muḥammad al-ʿArabī. Al-Iqtiṣād wa-al-Mujtamaʿ fī al-Shimāl al-Ifrīqī al-Qadīm. Algiers: Dīwān al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Jāmiʿiyyah, 2008.
ʿAqūn, Umm al-Khayr. Dawlat al-Amāzīgh fī Miṣr al-Firʿawniyyah (950–715 B.C.). Oran: Dār al-Quds al-ʿArabī, n.d.
ʿAqūn, Umm al-Khayr. “Maẓāhir al-Mujtamaʿ wa-al-Ḥaḍārah al-Lībiyyah min Khilāl al-Āthār al-Miṣriyyah al-Qadīmah.” Majallat al-Ittiḥād al-ʿĀmm lil-Āthāriyyīn al-ʿArab, no. 7, 2006.
ʿAqūn, Umm al-Khayr. “Ṣuwar min Ḥayāt al-Mujtamaʿ al-Lībī al-Qadīm min Khilāl al-Āthār al-Miṣriyyah.” Majallat al-ʿUlūm al-Insāniyyah, vol. 1, no. 2, 2012
Diodorus Siculus. Bibliothèque historique. Translated into French. Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 1834.
Gsell, Stéphane. Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord. Vol. 5. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1920–1927.
Gsell, Stéphane. Textes relatifs à l'histoire de l'Afrique du Nord (Hérodote). Algiers, 1915.
Hérodote. Histoire d'Hérodote. Translated by Pierre-Henri Larcher. Paris: Charpentier Libraire-Éditeur, 1850.
Hchid, M. Les pierres écrites de l'Atlas saharien. Vol. 2. Algiers, 1992.
Mela, Pomponius. Géographie. Translated under the direction of M. Nisard. Paris: J. Dubochet, 1850.
Pline l'Ancien. Histoire naturelle: L'Afrique du Nord. Translated by Jehan Desanges. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1980.
Strabon. Géographie. Translated by Amédée Tardieu. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1881.
Tertullianus Septimus Florens. Apologeticum (Défense du monothéisme). Arabic translation by ʿAmmār al-Jallāṣī. Tripoli, 2000.
Virgile. Énéide. Translated by J. Pierrot. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 1981.
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