The Egyptian presence in the Red Sea during the period of the modern state (1570-1085 BC).
Keywords:
The Modern State, Puntland, The Eritrean Sea, The Egyptian Navy
Abstract
نتطرق في هذه الورقة البحثية إلى معرفة الصلات التجارية البحرية بين مصر وبلاد البونت خلال مرحلة الدولة الحديثة، بعد الانقطاع الذي شهدته في عصر الإضمحلال الثاني (1650-1570ق.م) لإنشغالها بحروب ومحاولات التحرر من أيدي الهكسوس، فبعد هذا الانقطاع تعود العلاقات من جديد خصوصا مع بعثة الملكة حتشبسوت (1503-1482ق.م) وانتظمت الصلات خلالها ليصبح جلب أشجار الكندر وزراعتها في حدائق المعابد المصرية تقليدا متبعا يحرص عليه كل فراعنة الدولة الحديثة.
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Gilbert, Gregory P. Ancient Egyptian Sea Power and the Origin of Maritime Forces. Australia: Sea Power Centre, 2008.
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Al-Khūlī, Maryam. Ḥatshepsūt: Ṣāniʿat al-Asāṭīr. Cairo: Dār al-Hilāl, 2007.
Al-Sayyid, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Sālim. Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar fī al-Tārīkh al-Islāmī. Alexandria: Muʾassasat Shabāb al-Jāmiʿah, 1993.
Al-Shāyib, Muḥammad Fawzī. “Al-Ishāmāt al-Miṣriyyah al-Qadīmah fī al-Tijārah al-Baḥriyyah.” Majallat Ḥaḍārāt al-Sharq al-Adnā al-Qadīm, no. 2, 2016.
Al-Sulṭān, ʿAbd Allāh ʿAbd al-Muḥsin. Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar wa-al-Ṣirāʿ al-ʿArabī al-Isrāʾīlī: al-Tanāfus bayna Istrātījiyyatayn. 3rd ed. Lebanon: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʿArabiyyah, 1988.
Al-Suwayfī, Mukhtār. Umm al-Ḥaḍārāt: Malāmiḥ ʿĀmmah li-Awwal Ḥaḍārah Ṣanaʿahā al-Insān. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Dār al-Miṣriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah, 1999.
Al-Suwayfī, Mukhtār. “Min Tārīkh al-Baḥriyyah wa-Ṣināʿat al-Sufun fī Miṣr.” Majallat al-Mudīr al-Nājiḥ, no. 91, 2000.
Al-Ṭaḥāwī, Ḥātim. “Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar fī al-Maṣādir al-Bīzanṭiyyah: al-Qarn al-Sādis al-Mīlādī.” Majallat Kulliyyat al-Ādāb, no. 55, 2010.
Bidman, Teresa, and Francisco Martín Valentín. Ḥatshepsūt: Min Malikah ilā Firʿawn Miṣr. Translated by ʿAlī Ibrāhīm Munūfī. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 2015.
Breasted, James Henry. Intiṣār al-Ḥaḍārah. Translated by Aḥmad Fakhrī. Cairo: Al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 2001.
Faḍlū, Jūrj Jūrānī. Al-ʿArab wa-al-Milāḥah fī al-Muḥīṭ al-Hindī fī al-ʿUṣūr al-Qadīmah wa-Awāʾil al-Qurūn al-Wusṭā. Translated by Yaʿqūb Bakr. Cairo: Maktabat al-Anjlū al-Miṣriyyah, 1985.
Herodotus. Tārīkh Hīrūdūt. United Arab Emirates: Al-Mujtamaʿ al-Thaqāfī, n.d.
Holmes, Winifred. Kānat Malikah ʿalā Miṣr. Translated by Saʿd Aḥmad Ḥusayn. Cairo: Al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 2001.
Ḥasan, Salīm. Miṣr al-Qadīmah. Vol. 2. Cairo: Maktabat al-Usrah, 1992.
Ḥasan, Salīm. Miṣr al-Qadīmah: ʿAṣr Marnibtāḥ wa-Raʿmīsīs al-Thālith wa-Lamḥah fī Tārīkh Lūbiyā. Vol. 4. Cairo: Maktabat al-Usrah, 2000.
Ḥasan, Salīm. Miṣr al-Qadīmah: ʿAṣr Marnibtāḥ wa-Raʿmīsīs al-Thālith wa-Lamḥah fī Tārīkh Lūbiyā. Vol. 7. Cairo: Maktabat al-Usrah, 2000.
Lalouette, Claire. Al-Farāʿinah: Imbirāṭūriyyat al-Raʿāmisah. Translated by Māhir Juwayjātī. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Hayʾah al-ʿĀmmah li-Shuʾūn al-Maṭābiʿ al-Amīriyyah, 2009.
Maqqār, Sāmiḥ. Aṣl al-Alfāẓ al-ʿĀmmiyyah. Vol. 2. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Hayʾah al-Miṣriyyah al-ʿĀmmah lil-Kitāb, 2005.
Montet, Pierre. Al-Ḥayāh al-Yawmiyyah fī Miṣr fī ʿAhd al-Raʿāmisah. Translated by ʿAzīz Murqus Manṣūr. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Maʿrifah, 1965.
Noblecourt, Christiane Desroches. Ḥatshepsūt: ʿAẓamah, Siḥr, wa-Ghumūḍ. Translated by Fāṭimah ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd. 1st ed. Cairo: Al-Hayʾah al-ʿĀmmah li-Shuʾūn al-Maṭābiʿ al-Amīriyyah, 2005.
Raḥmānī, Bilqāsim, and Madanī Kharfūsh. Al-Dawr al-Miṣrī fī Janūb Shibh al-Jazīrah al-ʿArabiyyah wa-al-Sharq al-Ifrīqī. Cairo: Maktabat Zahrāʾ al-Sharq, 1997.
ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ, Muḥammad Wahībah. Miṣr wa-al-ʿĀlam al-Qadīm: Jughrafiyyah Tārīkhiyyah. Alexandria: Munshaʾat al-Maʿārif, n.d.
ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī, Muḥammad ʿĪd Aḥmad. Nashāṭ Qatabān wa-ʿAlāqatuhā bi-Miṣr al-Qadīmah. Egypt: Al-Maʿhad al-ʿĀlī li-Ḥaḍārāt al-Sharq, n.d.
ʿAbd al-Mawlā, Usāmah Maḥmūd. Tijārat al-Bukhūr fī Janūb Shibh al-Jazīrah al-ʿArabiyyah min al-Qarn al-ʿĀshir Ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-Awwal Qabl al-Mīlād. Al-Maʿhad al-ʿĀlī li-Ḥaḍārāt al-Sharq, 2013.
ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Sayyid. Al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar wa-Ẓahīruhu fī al-ʿUṣūr al-Qadīmah. Alexandria: Dār al-Maʿrifah al-Jāmiʿiyyah, 1992.
ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Sayyid. Al-Baḥrān al-Abyaḍ wa-al-Aḥmar fī al-Tārīkh al-Miṣrī al-Qadīm. Egypt: Kulliyyat al-Āthār, n.d.
ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Sayyid. Al-Bukhūr: ʿAṣab Tijārat al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar fī al-ʿUṣūr al-Qadīmah. n.d.
ʿAbd al-Munʿim, ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm Sayyid. “Ḥawl al-ʿAlāqāt bayna Miṣr wa-Janūb al-Jazīrah al-ʿArabiyyah fī al-ʿAṣr al-Firʿawnī.” Majallat al-Muʾarrikh al-ʿArabī, vol. 1, no. 2, 1994.
Zaghbī, al-Zahrah. “Al-Riḥlāt al-Tijāriyyah al-Firʿawniyyah fī al-Baḥr al-Aḥmar.” Dirāsāt Turāthiyyah, no. 4, 2010.
Admiralty. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot. 5th ed. London: Hydrographic Office, 1900.
Bramwell, D. N. Discover Ancient Egypt. Enslow Publishers, United States, 2014.
Liverani, Mario. International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600–1100 BC. First ed. 2001.
Naville, Edouard. The Temple of Deir El Bahari: Its Plan, Its Founders and Its First Explorer. London, 1894.
Norma, P. Dictionnaire Historique de l'Égypte. France: Imprimerie Offset, 2003.
Gilbert, Gregory P. Ancient Egyptian Sea Power and the Origin of Maritime Forces. Australia: Sea Power Centre, 2008.
Strabo. Géographie de Strabon. Book XVII, Chapter 1. Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1867.
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