The most important almadaris alnizamia in the Seljuk era in the fifth century AH eleventh century AD
Keywords:
schools, , alnizamiaati, Sciences, nizam almalik, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract
لقد برز دور الوزير نظام الملك في الدولة السلجوقية بشكل جلي، من خلال اهتمامه الشخصي بالعلم والعلماء، وإنشائه المدارس النظامية في مختلف أنحاء الدولة والإنفاق عليها، هذه المدارس التي كان التعليم فيها على مستوى عالٍ من الرقي والازدهار، فقد كان من دوافع تأسيس النظاميات, هو الوقوف ضد المناهج الباطلة التي تسيء إلى الإسلام وتشوه صورته، وتسعى للتشكيك في عقيدة أهل السنة، ودرس في هذه المدارس وتخرج منها أفضل علماء تلك المرحلة .
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al-Baghdādī, ʿAbd al-Muʾmin ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq. Marāṣid al-Iṭṭilāʿ ʿalā Asmāʾ al-Amkinah wa-al-Biqāʿ. Ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1992.
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al-Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn ʿUthmān. Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ. Ed. Shuʿayb al-Arnaʾūṭ and Muḥammad Nuʿaym al-ʿArqasūsī. 11th ed. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1996.
al-Jumaylī, Rashīd. Imārat al-Mawṣil fī al-ʿAṣr al-Saljūqī (489–521H). 1st ed. Baghdad: Maṭbaʿat Wāwfsīt al-Ḥadīthī, 1980.
al-Maʿāfirī, Abū Bakr ibn al-ʿArabī al-Mālikī. Al-ʿAwāṣim min al-Qawāṣim. Ed. Muḥibb al-Dīn al-Khaṭīb. 6th ed. Maktabat al-Sunnah, 1412 AH.
al-Sabkī, Taqī al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd al-Kāfī. Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyyah al-Kubrā. Ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad al-Ṭanāḥī and ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Muḥammad al-Ḥulw. 1st ed. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyyah, 1964.
al-Yāfiʿī, ʿAbd Allāh ibn Asʿad ibn ʿAlī. Mirʾāt al-Janān wa-ʿIbrat al-Yaqẓān. Annotated by Khalīl al-Manṣūr. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997.
Bury, J. B. The Cambridge Medieval History. London: Cambridge University Press, 1923.
Ḥamādah, Muḥammad. Al-Maktabāt fī al-Islām. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1978.
Ibn al-Athīr, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī. Al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh. Rev. Muḥammad Yūsuf al-Daqqāq. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1987.
Ibn al-Jawzī, Abū al-Faraj ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Muntaẓam fī Tārīkh al-Mulūk wa-al-Umam. Ed. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā and Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1992.
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Ibn al-Jawzī, Shams al-Dīn Abū al-Muẓaffar Yūsuf. Mirʾāt al-Zamān fī Tawārīkh al-Aʿyān. Ed. Muḥammad Anas al-Khann and Kāmil Muḥammad al-Kharrāṭ. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār al-Risālah al-ʿĀlamiyyah, 2013.
Ibn al-ʿImād al-Ḥanbalī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū al-Falāḥ. Shadharāt al-Dhahab fī Akhbār Man Dhahab. Ed. ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Arnaʾūṭ and Maḥmūd al-Arnaʾūṭ. 1st ed. Damascus and Beirut: Dār Ibn Kathīr, 1989.
Ibn ʿAsākir, Abū al-Qāsim ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥasan. Tabyīn Kadhib al-Muftarī fīmā Nusiba ilā al-Imām Abī al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. 2nd ed. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1399 AH.
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Ibn Kathīr, ʿImād al-Dīn Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʿīl. Al-Bidāyah wa-al-Nihāyah. Ed. ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. 1st ed. Giza: Dār Hajar, 1998.
Ibn Rajab al-Ḥanbalī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad. Al-Dhayl ʿalā Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābilah. Ed. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Sulaymān al-ʿUthaymīn. 1st ed. Mecca: Maktabat al-ʿUbaykān, 2005.
Ibn Taghrī Birdī, Jamāl al-Dīn Abū al-Maḥāsin. Al-Nujūm al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah. Intro. Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1992.
Kūrkīs ʿAwwād. Khazāʾin al-Kutub al-Qadīmah fī al-ʿIrāq. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Rāʾid, 1986.
Le Strange, Guy. Bilād al-Khilāfah al-Sharqiyyah. Trans. Bashīr Fransīs and Kūrkīs ʿAwwād. 2nd ed. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1985.
Maḥbūbah ʿAbd al-Hādī. Niẓām al-Mulk al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Isḥāq al-Ṭūsī. 1st ed. Cairo: al-Dār al-Miṣriyyah al-Lubnāniyyah, 1999.
Munayrah Sālim. Al-Ḥarakah al-Fikriyyah fī Khurāsān fī al-Qarn al-Sādis al-Hijrī. 1st ed. Beirut: al-Dār al-ʿArabiyyah lil-Mawsūʿāt, 2014.
al-Zuḥaylī, Muḥammad. Al-Imām al-Juwaynī: Imām al-Ḥaramayn. 2nd ed. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1992.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh. Muʿjam al-Buldān. Ed. Farīd ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Jundī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, n.d.
Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī, Shihāb al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh. Muʿjam al-Udabāʾ: Irshād al-Arīb ilā Maʿrifat al-Adīb. Ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās. 1st ed. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1993.
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