تعليم الاستماع القائم على استراتيجية ما وراء المعرفية
الكلمات المفتاحية:
فهم المنطوق في الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية, مهارة الإصغاء, ما وراء المعرفية, هج القائم على تدريس استراتيجيات السمع ما وراء المعرفية, منهج العملية
الملخص
يعتبر الإصغاء أحد أهم المهارات اللغوية التي تشكل جزءا فعالا في نجاح التواصل و تعلم اللغات الأجنبية، وهو عبارة عن عملية فعالة تتطلب مجهودا ذهنيا معقدا لتحقيق فهم المنطوق بالسرعة المطلوبة. الإصغاء من شأنه أن يثير قلق متعلمي الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية الذين عادة ما يجدون صعوبة في الفهم بسبب الضغط الناتج جراء تحديات لغوية و غير لغوية خفية أثناء الإستماع. و مع ذلك، رغم أهميته و طبيعته المعقدة، فإن الإصغاء لا يحظى بالعناية الكافية في تدريس الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية بالجزائر، إذ أن معظم الكتب المدرسية المتوفرة تعتمد على اختبار القدرة على الفهم فقط ولا تولي أهمية بالغة إلى تدريس الإصغاء فعليا. إضافة إلى أن الأساتذة يميلون إلى التركيز على الناتج النهائي و ليس العملية التي أوصلت الطالب إلى الفهم و إعطاء الإجابة الصحيحة. لهذا فإن هذا المقال سوف يعرض نبذة عن مهارة الإصغاء في الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية، أهميتها، و الصعوبات التي تواجه الطلاب في فهم المنطوق. إضافة إلى ذلك، سيتناول المقال عرضا حول المناهج السابقة و الحالية في تدريس الإصغاء، استراتيجيات التعلم و تدريس استراتيجيات الإستماع، و مدى تأثير منهج العملية في تطوير مهارات الإصغاء. التدريس القائم على استراتيجيات ما وراء المعرفية يتبنى منهج العملية، و بهذا سيسلط الضوء على دور ما وراء المعرفية في تحسين عملية الأداء السمعي.
المراجع
An, X. & Shi, Z. (2013). Does Metacognitive Instruction Improve Listening Comprehension? Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3 (4), pp. 632-636.
Anderson, I. (2012). Voice, Narrative, Place: Listening to Stories. Journal of Sonic Studies, 2 (1), (May 2012). Retrieved from: http://journal.sonicstudies.org/vol02/nr01/a10
Corder, S. P. (1973). Introducing Applied Linguistics. Baltimore: Penguin Education.
Ediger, M., (1999). Listening and Reading in the Elementary School. ERIC. Maryland.
Field, J. (2008). Listening in the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flowerdew, J., & Miller, L. (2005). Second Language Listening: Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Garrison, J. & Tech, V. (2005). A Pragmatist Conception of Creative Listening to Emotional Expressions in Dialogues across Differences. Philosophy of Education.
Goh, C. C. M. & Taib, Y. (2006). Metacognitive Instruction in Listening for Young Learners. ELT Journal, 60 (3), pp. 222-232. Https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl002
Graham, S. & Santos, D. (2015). Strategies for Second Language Listening: Current Scenarios and Improved Pedagogy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Graham, S. (2006). Listening Comprehension: The Learners' Perspective. System, 34 (2), pp. 165-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2005.11.001
Kassaian, Z. & Ghadir, M. (2011). An Investigation of the Relationship Between Motivation & Metacognitive Awareness Strategies in Listening Comprehension: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2 (5), pp. 1069-1079. doi:10.4304/jktr.2.5.1069-1079
Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Oxford: Pergamon.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lynch, T. (2012) ‘Issues and challenges in the development of second language listening’. TESOL Academic web talk. http://www.tesolacademic.org/keynotesnew.htm#831333953
Mendelsohn, D. J. (1994). Learning to Listen: A Strategy-Based Approach for the Second Language Learner. San Diego: Dominie Press.
Nisbet, J., & Shucksmith, J. (1986). Learning Strategies. London: Routledge Education Books.
O’Malley, J.M. & Chamot, A.U. (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rahimirad, M. (2014). The Impact of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction on the Listening Performance of University Students. International Conference on Current Trends in ELT. Elsevier Ltd. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, pp. 1485 – 1491.
Richards, J. C. (2005). Second Thoughts on Teaching Listening. RELC Journal, 36, pp. 85-92.
Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching Foreign Language Skills (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rost, M. (2002). Teaching and Researching Listening. Great Britain: Pearson Education.
Rubin, J. (1994). A Review of Second Language Listening Comprehension Research. The Modern Language journal, 78 (2), pp. 199-221
Sarafianou, A. and Gavriilidou, Z. (2015). The Effect of Strategy-Based Instruction on Strategy Use by Upper-Secondary Greek Students of EFL. Centre for Language studies National University of Singapore. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 12 (1), pp. 21-34
Schmidt, R. (1990). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning. Applied Linguistics, 11, pp. 129-158.
Selamat, S. & Sidhu, G. K. (2013). Enhancing Listening Comprehension: The role of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction (MetSI). Elsevier Ltd. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, pp. 421–430.
Seligson, P. (2015). Really Teaching Listening and Pronunciation: Not Just ‘Play and Pray’. 2nd British Council international conference, Oran.
Siegel, J. (2013). Exploring L2 Listening Instruction: Examinations of Practice. Oxford University Press. ELT Journal, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1093/elt/cct058
Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2005). The TKT Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Cambridge ESOL.
Taghizadah, M. & Abadi, A. G. S. (2016). The Effects of Metacognitive Strategy Training on the Listening Comprehension and Self-Regulation of EFL Learners. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 4 (16), pp. 37-54.
Tennant A. (2007). Listening Matters: Process Listening. http://www.onestopenglish.com/skills/listening/teaching-tips/listening-matters/listening-matters-process-listening/154594.article. Retrieved in June 2013
Thornbury, S. (2006). An A-Z of ELT. Oxford: Macmillan books for teachers.
Vandergrift, L. & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2010). Teaching L2 Learners How to Listen Does Make a Difference: An Empirical Study. Language Learning, 60 (2), pp. 470-497.
Vandergrift, L. (2004). Listening to Learn or Learning to Listen? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24 (1), pp. 3-25.
Vandergrift, L. and Goh, C. (2012). Teaching and Learning Second Language Listening: Metacognition in Action. New York: Routledge.
Vandergrift, L., Goh, C. C. M., Mareschal, C. J., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2006). The Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire: Development and Validation. Language Learning, 56 (3), pp. 431 - 462. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00373.x
Wenden, A. (1985). Learner Strategies. TESOL Newsletter, 19 (5), pp. 1-7.
Worden, P. K. (1970). Are you Listening? Journal of Extension. pp. 30-34. https://www.joe.org/joe/1970spring/1970-1-a5.pdf
Anderson, I. (2012). Voice, Narrative, Place: Listening to Stories. Journal of Sonic Studies, 2 (1), (May 2012). Retrieved from: http://journal.sonicstudies.org/vol02/nr01/a10
Corder, S. P. (1973). Introducing Applied Linguistics. Baltimore: Penguin Education.
Ediger, M., (1999). Listening and Reading in the Elementary School. ERIC. Maryland.
Field, J. (2008). Listening in the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Flowerdew, J., & Miller, L. (2005). Second Language Listening: Theory and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Garrison, J. & Tech, V. (2005). A Pragmatist Conception of Creative Listening to Emotional Expressions in Dialogues across Differences. Philosophy of Education.
Goh, C. C. M. & Taib, Y. (2006). Metacognitive Instruction in Listening for Young Learners. ELT Journal, 60 (3), pp. 222-232. Https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl002
Graham, S. & Santos, D. (2015). Strategies for Second Language Listening: Current Scenarios and Improved Pedagogy. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
Graham, S. (2006). Listening Comprehension: The Learners' Perspective. System, 34 (2), pp. 165-182. DOI: 10.1016/j.system.2005.11.001
Kassaian, Z. & Ghadir, M. (2011). An Investigation of the Relationship Between Motivation & Metacognitive Awareness Strategies in Listening Comprehension: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2 (5), pp. 1069-1079. doi:10.4304/jktr.2.5.1069-1079
Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. D. (1983). The Natural Approach: Language Acquisition in the Classroom. Oxford: Pergamon.
Larsen-Freeman, D. (2000). Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lynch, T. (2012) ‘Issues and challenges in the development of second language listening’. TESOL Academic web talk. http://www.tesolacademic.org/keynotesnew.htm#831333953
Mendelsohn, D. J. (1994). Learning to Listen: A Strategy-Based Approach for the Second Language Learner. San Diego: Dominie Press.
Nisbet, J., & Shucksmith, J. (1986). Learning Strategies. London: Routledge Education Books.
O’Malley, J.M. & Chamot, A.U. (1990). Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rahimirad, M. (2014). The Impact of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction on the Listening Performance of University Students. International Conference on Current Trends in ELT. Elsevier Ltd. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 98, pp. 1485 – 1491.
Richards, J. C. (2005). Second Thoughts on Teaching Listening. RELC Journal, 36, pp. 85-92.
Rivers, W. M. (1981). Teaching Foreign Language Skills (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rost, M. (2002). Teaching and Researching Listening. Great Britain: Pearson Education.
Rubin, J. (1994). A Review of Second Language Listening Comprehension Research. The Modern Language journal, 78 (2), pp. 199-221
Sarafianou, A. and Gavriilidou, Z. (2015). The Effect of Strategy-Based Instruction on Strategy Use by Upper-Secondary Greek Students of EFL. Centre for Language studies National University of Singapore. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 12 (1), pp. 21-34
Schmidt, R. (1990). The Role of Consciousness in Second Language Learning. Applied Linguistics, 11, pp. 129-158.
Selamat, S. & Sidhu, G. K. (2013). Enhancing Listening Comprehension: The role of Metacognitive Strategy Instruction (MetSI). Elsevier Ltd. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 90, pp. 421–430.
Seligson, P. (2015). Really Teaching Listening and Pronunciation: Not Just ‘Play and Pray’. 2nd British Council international conference, Oran.
Siegel, J. (2013). Exploring L2 Listening Instruction: Examinations of Practice. Oxford University Press. ELT Journal, pp. 1-9. doi:10.1093/elt/cct058
Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2005). The TKT Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and Cambridge ESOL.
Taghizadah, M. & Abadi, A. G. S. (2016). The Effects of Metacognitive Strategy Training on the Listening Comprehension and Self-Regulation of EFL Learners. International Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 4 (16), pp. 37-54.
Tennant A. (2007). Listening Matters: Process Listening. http://www.onestopenglish.com/skills/listening/teaching-tips/listening-matters/listening-matters-process-listening/154594.article. Retrieved in June 2013
Thornbury, S. (2006). An A-Z of ELT. Oxford: Macmillan books for teachers.
Vandergrift, L. & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2010). Teaching L2 Learners How to Listen Does Make a Difference: An Empirical Study. Language Learning, 60 (2), pp. 470-497.
Vandergrift, L. (2004). Listening to Learn or Learning to Listen? Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24 (1), pp. 3-25.
Vandergrift, L. and Goh, C. (2012). Teaching and Learning Second Language Listening: Metacognition in Action. New York: Routledge.
Vandergrift, L., Goh, C. C. M., Mareschal, C. J., & Tafaghodtari, M. H. (2006). The Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire: Development and Validation. Language Learning, 56 (3), pp. 431 - 462. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2006.00373.x
Wenden, A. (1985). Learner Strategies. TESOL Newsletter, 19 (5), pp. 1-7.
Worden, P. K. (1970). Are you Listening? Journal of Extension. pp. 30-34. https://www.joe.org/joe/1970spring/1970-1-a5.pdf
منشور
2022-03-31
كيفية الاقتباس
مخوخس. (2022). تعليم الاستماع القائم على استراتيجية ما وراء المعرفية. مجلة العلوم الاجتماعية, 16(1), 972-985. https://doi.org/10.34118/ssj.v16i1.1987
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