Religious identity from difference to intolerance

Abstract

Much of the scholarly literature on "identity" is conceptually murky، leaving
the term entirely undefined or treating it as synonymous with other elements of
culture، such as beliefs، ideas، norms، and practices.
Studies on Islamic identity، while valuable for presenting non-monolithic
views of Islam، have often followed this trend، citing "identity" as a mobilizing
political force without providing any definition at all. What is identity?