The Role of International Law in the Protection of Cultural Heritage
Abstract
All nations are committed to preserving their cultural heritage, a vital expression of human life across social, economic, and political contexts. Cultural heritage plays a significant role in safeguarding and revitalizing national identity, serving as the collective memory of a community's knowledge, craftsmanship, and beliefs. Consequently, it is protected and nurtured both nationally and internationally. The protection of cultural heritage has attracted considerable international attention due to its immense value and the numerous threats it faces, including war, theft, trafficking, and the impacts of globalization. These threats pose serious risks to cultural heritage at both national and global levels. In response, several international initiatives have been launched, playing a crucial role in ensuring its preservation and protection.
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References
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26. the 1954 Hague Convention. (s.d.).
27. the aforementioned law. (s.d.).
28. the First Supplementary Protocol of 1977. (1977). the First Additional Protocol of 1977 and Article 16 of the Second Additional Protocol of 1977.
2. Al-Fatlawi, S., & Rabie, I. ( 2007). Encyclopedia of International Law - International Humanitarian Law. Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, Amman, Jordan.
3. Al-Fawa'ir, F. (s.d.).
4. Algerian Civil Code,. (s.d.). which defines real property.
5. Al-Rahaifa, S. (2005). Protection of Cultural Property During Armed Conflicts, Master's Thesis in Public Law, Jordan. Mutah University.
6. Badr Al-Din, S. (1999). Protecting Cultural and Natural Property in worldwide agreements. Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya Publishing House, Cairo, Egypt.
7. Laurent Frier, P. (1997). Cultural Heritage Law. Paris.
8. Law No. 98/04. (1998). dated Safar 20, 1419 AH (June 15, 1998), concerning the protection of cultural heritage, Official Gazette, No. 44, issued on Safar 22, 1419 AH, p. 3.
9. Abu Al-Wafa, , A. (2006). The General Theory of International Humanitarian Law and in Islamic Sharia. Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, 1st Edition, Cairo, Egypt.
10. Al-Hadithi, A. (1999). Protection of Cultural Property in International Law: A Comparative Applied Study. Dar Al-Thaqafa Publishing and Distribution, 1st Edition, Jordan.
11. Al-Rahaifa, S. S. (2012). Protection of Cultural Property During Armed Conflicts, 1st, Jordan. Edition, Al-Hamid Publishing and Distribution House.
12. Al-Shibli, S., & Al-Zaidi, W. (2020). The Lawful Foundation of Administrative Authorities in the Preservation of Iraq's Cultural and Natural Assets - A Comparative Study,. Law Journal for Legal Studies and Research,Faculty of Law, University of Dhi Qar, Iraq, 21.
13. Bakhouya, I. (2016). Lawful Safeguarding of Algerian Cultural Property," Journal of Legal and Political Sciences, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Diyala, Iraq. 05(02).
14. Bennour , j. (1992). The Legal Protection of Cultural Heritage,. Master's Thesis, Faculty of Law, Tunis, Academic .
15. Boubaker, N. (2018). Cultural Heritage: Concept and Development of Protection in International Law. Heritage Journal, Laboratory for Collecting, Studying, and Editing Regional Manuscripts and Others, Ziane Achour University, Djelfa, Alger, 29(1).
16. Ferguani, A. (2021). Foundations of State Responsibility for Compensating Damage to Cultural Property. ," Scientific Research Journals, Morsli Abdallah University Center, Tipaza, Algeria, 09(01).
17. Hassani , K., & Gouasmia, S. (2013). Protection of Cultural Property in International Law and National Legislation. Heritage Journal, University of Djelfa, 10.
18. Hazem Fares, H. (2018). Lawful Preservation of Cultural Property Throughout Armed Wars. Journal of Rights Message, Faculty of Law, University of Karbala, Iraq, 10(03).
19. Khahlia , H., & Mourad, M. (2020). Legal Mechanisms and International Institutional Tools Dedicated to Strengthening the Protection of Cultural Heritage. Journal of Social Sciences, (Supplement 01), Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Laghouat, Algeria, 14(02).
20. Mestaoui, H. (2020). The Use of the Notion of International Continuity in the Restitution of Cultural Assets. Cultural Effort Journal, Laboratory of the Impact of Judicial Ijtihad on Legislation Movement, Mohamed Khider University,Biskra, Algeria, 12(2).
21. Rabia, F., & Fadel, I. (2021). Cultural Heritage: Between the Necessities of Digitization and the Absence of Legislation. Annals of Guelma University for Social and Human Sciences , May 8, 1945 University, Guelma, Algeria, 15(02).
22. Saidi , K., & Al-Laythi, a. (2021). Protection of Cultural Heritage in International Law and Islamic Sharia. Cultural Ijtihad Journal , Laboratory of the Impact of Judicial Ijtihad on the Legislative Movement,Mohamed Khider University, Biskra, Algeria, 13(01).
23. Sameh Amro, M. (2005). Rules of Protection for Cultural Property During Armed Conflict and Occupation. Part 1, 1st Edition, Al-Halabi Legal Publications.
24. Si Ali, A. (2011). Protection of Civilian Objects in International Humanitarian Law. Al-Academia Publishing House,1st Edition, Algeria.
25. Souilem, M., & Bouhadda, M. ( 2018). Legal Protection of Tangible Cultural Heritage and Its Impact on Promoting Tourism Investment in Algeria. Ijtihad Journal for Legal and Economic StudiesInstitute of Law and Political Sciences, Tamanghasset University Center, Algeria, 07(05).
26. the 1954 Hague Convention. (s.d.).
27. the aforementioned law. (s.d.).
28. the First Supplementary Protocol of 1977. (1977). the First Additional Protocol of 1977 and Article 16 of the Second Additional Protocol of 1977.
Published
2026-06-10
How to Cite
Arar , lyakout. (2026). The Role of International Law in the Protection of Cultural Heritage. Journal of Science and Knowledge Horizons, 6(2), 478-495. https://doi.org/10.34118/jskp.v6i2.4644
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
