The history of Mnjanah clock in the Islamic Magreb during the Middel Ages
Keywords:
Manjanh ;Time; Clock ; Manufacture ; Islamic Maghreb; Maghriban machines; clock machine
Abstract
The research is concerned with dealing with the history of the calendar and time calculation in the Islamic Maghreb, through the use of the Mnjanah instrument. The research begins by studying quick glimpses of the tools of ancient civilizations, and how they were transferred to the Greater Islamic Maghreb, then we study the most important names of the machines through various sources and references, and we discuss the Eastern and Maghriban machines, and the way they work, as their driving energy varies from one clock machine to another, as some of them move through water or air or that move through sand and even through mercury. From there, we discuss the Andalusian Mnjanahs, their most prominent types, and their most important and famous makers, and then we move on to the temporal Mnjanahs of the far Maghreb in the Zayani and Hafsid eras.
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Muhammad , A.-T. (2011). History of the Banu Zayan Kings of Tlemcen. Algeria: Moufm Publishing.
Al-Hasan, A.-Q. . (1981). Al-Umdah fi Mahasin Al-Chir wa Adabih (5 ط). Dar Al-Jeel,.
Shihab al-Din, al-K. al-M. al-H. . (1988). Shifa al-Ghalil fi Kalam al-Arab min al-Dakhil. Tripoli: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
Abdul Rahman, I. K. (2001). Al-Muqaddimah, (2 ط). Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr, .
Shihab al-Din, al-M. al-T. (2005). Azhar al-Riyadh fi Akhbar al-Qadi Ayyad. Cairo: Press of the Authorship, Translation and Publishing Committee.
Abu Al-Hasan , S. A.-A. (1955). Al-Maghrib fi Hali Al-Maghrib (3 ط, م 1). Cairo: Dar Al-Ma’aref, .
Muhammad , . A.-A. A.-S. (2000). Al-Ma’soul (م 9). Morocco: Dar Al-Najah, Casablanca: .
Zakaria , A.-Q. (1960). Athar el Bilad wa Akhbar El Ibad. Beirut: Dar Sader.
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Muhammad , A.-T. I. B. (2000). The Journey of Ibn Battuta (Touhfat Enodar fi Gharaib el amsar wa ajaib El Asfar) (م 4). Rabat: Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco.
Muhammad , . L. al-D. I. al-K. (2003). Al-Ihtah fi Akhbar Granada (م 4). Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.
Salma , K. A.-J. (1999). The Arab-Islamic Civilization in Andalusia (م 2). Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, .
Shihab al-Din , al-M. al-T. (2015). Nafah al-Tayyib min Ghosn al-Andalusi Eratib (م 3). Beirut - Lebanon: Dar Sader.
Shihab al-Din , al-S. (1997). Al-Iqtisaa fi Akhbar al Maghreb El Aksa. Maroc: Dar al-Kitab Casablanca.
Ibn Manzur, M. (2015). Lisan al-Arab. Cairo, Egypt.: Dar al-Jawzi.
Ahmed , A.-Q. S. A.-D. (1423). Masalik el Absar fi Mamalik Al-Amsar. Cultural Complex, Abu Dhabi.
Al-Abbas , bin I. A.-S. (1993). El Alam bimen Hal bimarakech wa aghmat (2 ط, م 7). Rabat: according to: Abdel-Wahhab Ibn Mansour, Royal Press, .
Ahmed , A.-F. A.-Q. (2012). Subh Al-A’sha Fi Sinaat El Incha (م 5). Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.
Muhammad, . bin M. A.-T. (2008). Al-Manaqib Al-Marzouqiya. Morocco: Al-Najah New Press, Casablanca, .
Muhammad, . A.-K. A.-T. (1981). Similes from the Poetry of the People of Andalusia (2 ط). Beirut: Dar Al-Shorouk.
Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad, . A.-W. (1990). The Arabized Criterion and Al-Jami’ Al-Maghrib (م 2). Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami.
Nasira, A. . (2017). The Development of Astronomy in the Middle Maghreb during the Middle Period (Thèse de Doctorat, Djilali Yabes University). استرجع في من https://dspace.univ-sba.dz/items/793585ce-d35a-4c87-b0d7-e1e6ca739a23
Abdel-Aali , G. (2022). The Tlemcen-Zayani Society, A Study of Customs, Traditions, and Customs from the 7th Century AH/31 AD until the 31st (Thèse de Doctorat, Abi Bakr Belkaid University ). استرجع في من http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/bitstream/112/18085/1/GHAZALI.pdf
Nouria , B. A. (2010). Literature in the Second Zayani Era (749-952 AH) ancient Maghriban literature 2010 1431 AH. (Thèse de Doctorat, Abu Bakr Belkaid ). استرجع في من http://dspace.univ-tlemcen.dz/handle/112/10166
Bakir, B. . (2009). The History of Astronomers in Andalusia during the Umayyad Period and the Era of the Taifa Kings (م 1). Algeria: Dar Sanjak al-Din, .
Muhammad , A.-M. (2000). Papers on the Marinid Civilization, 1420 AH/2000 AD, Faculty of Arts, Rabat, M (3 ط, م 1). Rabat, Morocco: Faculty of Arts, 3rd edition.
Saad Abdullah , A.-B. (2020). Scientific Life in the Era of the Caliphate in Andalusia, (316-422 AH / 755-1030 AD), (1779 AD) (Thèse de Doctorat, Institute for Scientific Research and Revival of Islamic Heritage, ). استرجع في من https://archive.org/details/928-1030-.
Ahmed, A.-M. (1973). Djadwat El Iktibas fi Dikr Men Hal Min Elalam Madiat Fes (م 3). Dar Al-Mansour for Printing and Papers.
Abu Hamid , A.-G. (2003). The Book of Forty in the Fundamentals of Religion in Beliefs and Secrets of Worship and Ethics, 1424. Beirut: Library science.
Mahmoud , A. A. A. (2011). History of Beni Zayan, Kings of Tlemcen, an excerpt from Nazm al-Durr wa al-Uqayan Fi Bayan Charaf. Algeria: Mofem.
Ali , A.-J. (1991). Picking the Myrtle Flower in the Building of the City of Fes (1 ط). Rabat , Maroc: Without a well-known publishing house.
ibn Qunfud , al-Q. (1965). Anis al-Faqir and Izz al-Haqir. Rabat: published by the University Center for Scientific Research, Faculty of Arts, Rabat. Agdal Press,.
Ismail, O. O. (1993). The History of Islamic Architecture and Applied Arts in the far Maghrib, the Era of the Marinid Stat (1 ط, م 4). Cario: Al-Hilal Arabian Printing and Publishing.
Fouad , E. A.-B. (1370). Farhang Abjadi = Al-Munajjid Al-Abjadi [Arabic/Persian Dictionary], (م 1). Sharjah Biennial,: _Al-Islamiya, Tehran.
Taher , J. H. (1991). The First Arabs Through the Ages, the Abbasid Era (1 ط, م 4). Iraq: Iraqi Scientific Society.
Theophile , O. (2008). Geometry in Ancient Egypt, Africa’s Contribution to Global Mathematics. Egypt: National Center for Translation.
Abd al-Haqq , I. al-M. al-H. (2006). The Social Condition in Fes in the Twelfth Century AH through the Ismaili Hawala, (م 1). Morocco: Publications of the Ministry of Endowments and Islamic.
Abdelaziz, B. (2000). Cosmic and Experimental Sciences in Morocco (How They Developed Over a Thousand Years). Rabat, Maroc: Almaarifa Publishing House.
Abdul Hamid , H. (1974). Abu Hammu Musa Al-Zayani, his life and works. Algeria: National Publishing and Distribution Company.
Abdel Aziz , B. A. (1983). Jurisprudence Teacher. Beirut, Lebanon: Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami,.
Abdel Aziz , F. (2002). Tlemcen in the Zayani Era. Algeria: Mofem Publishing and Distribution.
Abdul Hadi , A.-T. (2011). Competition between the Kingdom of Fez and the Kingdom of Tlemcen in the social, industrial, and sci. Algeria: Al-Qafila Publishing House. and distribution.
Abdullah , A.-J. (1961). Arab Progress in Science and Industries. Cario, Egypt: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
Pierre , S. . (1863). marquis de Laplace, l’Histoire de, l’Astronomie (2 ط). Paris: Mallet Bachelier.
Roshdi , R. . (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science (4 ط). collaboration with, RÉGIS MORELON.
Dozy (R), . R. (1881). supplément aux dictionnaires Arabes (2 ط). Leyde, E.J.Brill,.
Muhammad , M. A.-Z. (2006). Taj Al-Arous (2 ط, م 8). Dar Al-Fikr,.
Muhammad , . A.-K. (1989). Mafatih El Ouloum, (2 ط). Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi.
Muhammad , A.-T. (2011). History of the Banu Zayan Kings of Tlemcen. Algeria: Moufm Publishing.
Al-Hasan, A.-Q. . (1981). Al-Umdah fi Mahasin Al-Chir wa Adabih (5 ط). Dar Al-Jeel,.
Shihab al-Din, al-K. al-M. al-H. . (1988). Shifa al-Ghalil fi Kalam al-Arab min al-Dakhil. Tripoli: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
Abdul Rahman, I. K. (2001). Al-Muqaddimah, (2 ط). Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr, .
Shihab al-Din, al-M. al-T. (2005). Azhar al-Riyadh fi Akhbar al-Qadi Ayyad. Cairo: Press of the Authorship, Translation and Publishing Committee.
Abu Al-Hasan , S. A.-A. (1955). Al-Maghrib fi Hali Al-Maghrib (3 ط, م 1). Cairo: Dar Al-Ma’aref, .
Muhammad , . A.-A. A.-S. (2000). Al-Ma’soul (م 9). Morocco: Dar Al-Najah, Casablanca: .
Zakaria , A.-Q. (1960). Athar el Bilad wa Akhbar El Ibad. Beirut: Dar Sader.
Yahya , bin K. (1991). Baghiyat al-Ruwad fi Dhikr al-Maluk al-Bani Abd al-Wad (م 3). Algeria: Press, Royal Edition, Rabat, Sharqiya.
Muhammad , A.-T. I. B. (2000). The Journey of Ibn Battuta (Touhfat Enodar fi Gharaib el amsar wa ajaib El Asfar) (م 4). Rabat: Academy of the Kingdom of Morocco.
Muhammad , . L. al-D. I. al-K. (2003). Al-Ihtah fi Akhbar Granada (م 4). Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.
Salma , K. A.-J. (1999). The Arab-Islamic Civilization in Andalusia (م 2). Beirut: Center for Arab Unity Studies, .
Shihab al-Din , al-M. al-T. (2015). Nafah al-Tayyib min Ghosn al-Andalusi Eratib (م 3). Beirut - Lebanon: Dar Sader.
Shihab al-Din , al-S. (1997). Al-Iqtisaa fi Akhbar al Maghreb El Aksa. Maroc: Dar al-Kitab Casablanca.
Ibn Manzur, M. (2015). Lisan al-Arab. Cairo, Egypt.: Dar al-Jawzi.
Ahmed , A.-Q. S. A.-D. (1423). Masalik el Absar fi Mamalik Al-Amsar. Cultural Complex, Abu Dhabi.
Al-Abbas , bin I. A.-S. (1993). El Alam bimen Hal bimarakech wa aghmat (2 ط, م 7). Rabat: according to: Abdel-Wahhab Ibn Mansour, Royal Press, .
Ahmed , A.-F. A.-Q. (2012). Subh Al-A’sha Fi Sinaat El Incha (م 5). Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah.
Muhammad, . bin M. A.-T. (2008). Al-Manaqib Al-Marzouqiya. Morocco: Al-Najah New Press, Casablanca, .
Muhammad, . A.-K. A.-T. (1981). Similes from the Poetry of the People of Andalusia (2 ط). Beirut: Dar Al-Shorouk.
Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad, . A.-W. (1990). The Arabized Criterion and Al-Jami’ Al-Maghrib (م 2). Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami.
Published
2024-06-18
How to Cite
Bouaroua , B. (2024). The history of Mnjanah clock in the Islamic Magreb during the Middel Ages. Journal of Science and Knowledge Horizons, 4(01), 259-279. https://doi.org/10.34118/jskp.v4i01.3865
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Articles
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