Causes and Effects of Codeswitching Practices in Rwandan Healthcare System

Celestin RYAZIGA; Bernard  GATABAZI; Gregoire  MBONANKIRA; Abdoul-Kaliq  SEKAMANA

doi:10.34118/sej.v8i1.4542

Celestin RYAZIGA University of Rwanda, (Rwanda) https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4218-5224
Bernard GATABAZI University of Rwanda,(Rwanda) https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4106-0619
Gregoire MBONANKIRA University of Rwanda, (Rwanda) https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9534-9529
Abdoul-Kaliq SEKAMANA University of Rwanda,(Rwanda) https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4218-5224

DOI: https://doi.org/10.34118/sej.v8i1.4542

Keywords: Causes, Codeswitching, Kinyarwanda, Healthcare system, Patients

Abstract

This study investigated the causes and effects of codeswitching within Rwanda’s healthcare system using an explanatory research design. The sample population comprised 140 healthcare providers, including 40 community healthcare providers, 40 nurses, 40 patients and 20 physicians. To ensure comprehensive data collection, semi-structured interviews were used to obtain qualitative data, while questionnaires generated quantitative data. Descriptive statistical methods were employed to analyze the findings. Generally, the results indicated that codeswitching in Rwanda’s healthcare context is driven by various factors. Primarily, key causes include healthcare providers’ educational background in foreign languages, the lack of standardized medical terminology in Kinyarwanda, the presence of foreign healthcare professionals, and the need to communicate with international patients who cannot speak Kinyarwanda. These factors contribute to codeswitching practices in healthcare environment. As a result, this study found that codeswitching affects effective communication between healthcare providers and patients. In response to these findings, the study recommends that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education in Rwanda integrate structured Kinyarwanda language trainings into medical and nursing education and provide continuous trainings for effective communication in healthcare services. Furthermore, establishing a specialized team of linguists and medical experts to develop and standardize Kinyarwanda medical terminology would help reduce reliance on foreign languages. Moreover, healthcare providers are encouraged to adapt their language use to patients’ linguistic needs in order to promote inclusive communication. In conclusion, the study underscores the critical role of language in healthcare services and highlights the importance of strengthening Kinyarwanda as a medium of medical communication in Rwanda.

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