رمز JEL

تم تطوير نظام تصنيف JEL للاستخدام في مجلة الأدب الاقتصادي (JEL) ، وهو طريقة قياسية لتصنيف الأدب العلمي في مجال الاقتصاد. يستخدم النظام لتصنيف المقالات والأطروحات والكتب ومراجعات الكتب وأوراق العمل في EconLit وفي العديد من التطبيقات الأخرى. للحصول على أوصاف وأمثلة ، راجع دليل أكواد JEL.

JEL Codes Guide.

A: General Economics and Teaching
- A1: General Economics
  - A10: General
  - A11: Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
  - A12: Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
  - A13: Relation of Economics to Social Values
  - A14: Sociology of Economics
  - A19: Other
- A2: Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
  - A20: General
  - A21: Pre-college
  - A22: Undergraduate
  - A23: Graduate
  - A29: Other
- A3: Collective Works
  - A30: General
  - A31: Collected Writings of Individuals
  - A32: Collective Volumes
  - A33: Handbooks
  - A39: Other
B: History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
- B0: General
  - B00: General
- B1: History of Economic Thought through 1925
  - B10: General
  - B11: Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
  - B12: Classical (includes Adam Smith)
  - B13: Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
  - B14: Socialist • Marxist
  - B15: Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
  - B16: Quantitative and Mathematical
  - B17: International Trade and Finance
  - B19: Other
- B2: History of Economic Thought since 1925
  - B20: General
  - B21: Microeconomics
  - B22: Macroeconomics
  - B23: Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
  - B24: Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
  - B25: Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School
  - B26: Financial Economics
  - B27: International Trade and Finance
  - B29: Other
- B3: History of Economic Thought: Individuals
  - B30: General
  - B31: Individuals
  - B32: Obituaries
- B4: Economic Methodology
  - B40: General
  - B41: Economic Methodology
  - B49: Other
- B5: Current Heterodox Approaches
  - B50: General
  - B51: Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian
  - B52: Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
  - B53: Austrian
  - B54: Feminist Economics
  - B59: Other
C: Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
- C0: General
  - C00: General
  - C01: Econometrics
  - C02: Mathematical Methods
- C1: Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
  - C10: General
  - C11: Bayesian Analysis: General
  - C12: Hypothesis Testing: General
  - C13: Estimation: General
  - C14: Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
  - C15: Statistical Simulation Methods: General
  - C18: Methodological Issues: General
  - C19: Other
- C2: Single Equation Models • Single Variables
  - C20: General
  - C21: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions
  - C22: Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
  - C23: Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
  - C24: Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
  - C25: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
  - C26: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
  - C29: Other
- C3: Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
  - C30: General
  - C31: Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
  - C32: Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
  - C33: Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
  - C34: Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models
  - C35: Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions
  - C36: Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
  - C38: Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
  - C39: Other
- C4: Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
  - C40: General
  - C41: Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies
  - C43: Index Numbers and Aggregation
  - C44: Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory
  - C45: Neural Networks and Related Topics
  - C46: Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics
  - C49: Other
- C5: Econometric Modeling
  - C50: General
  - C51: Model Construction and Estimation
  - C52: Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
  - C53: Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods
  - C54: Quantitative Policy Modeling
  - C55: Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
  - C57: Econometrics of Games and Auctions
  - C58: Financial Econometrics
  - C59: Other
- C6: Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
  - C60: General
  - C61: Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis
  - C62: Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
  - C63: Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling
  - C65: Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
  - C67: Input–Output Models
  - C68: Computable General Equilibrium Models
  - C69: Other
- C7: Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
  - C70: General
  - C71: Cooperative Games
  - C72: Noncooperative Games
  - C73: Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games
  - C78: Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory
  - C79: Other
- C8: Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs
  - C80: General
  - C81: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access
  - C82: Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access
  - C83: Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
  - C87: Econometric Software
  - C88: Other Computer Software
  - C89: Other
- C9: Design of Experiments
  - C90: General
  - C91: Laboratory, Individual Behavior
  - C92: Laboratory, Group Behavior
  - C93: Field Experiments
  - C99: Other
D: Microeconomics
- D0: General
  - D00: General
  - D01: Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
  - D02: Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
  - D04: Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
- D1: Household Behavior and Family Economics
  - D10: General
  - D11: Consumer Economics: Theory
  - D12: Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
  - D13: Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
  - D14: Household Saving • Personal Finance
  - D15: Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
  - D18: Consumer Protection
  - D19: Other
- D2: Production and Organizations
  - D20: General
  - D21: Firm Behavior: Theory
  - D22: Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
  - D23: Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
  - D24: Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
  - D25: Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
  - D29: Other
- D3: Distribution
  - D30: General
  - D31: Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
  - D33: Factor Income Distribution
  - D39: Other
- D4: Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
  - D40: General
  - D41: Perfect Competition
  - D42: Monopoly
  - D43: Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
  - D44: Auctions
  - D45: Rationing • Licensing
  - D46: Value Theory
  - D47: Market Design
  - D49: Other
- D5: General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
  - D50: General
  - D51: Exchange and Production Economies
  - D52: Incomplete Markets
  - D53: Financial Markets
  - D57: Input–Output Tables and Analysis
  - D58: Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
  - D59: Other
- D6: Welfare Economics
  - D60: General
  - D61: Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
  - D62: Externalities
  - D63: Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
  - D64: Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
  - D69: Other
- D7: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
  - D70: General
  - D71: Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
  - D72: Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
  - D73: Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
  - D74: Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
  - D78: Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
  - D79: Other
- D8: Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
  - D80: General
  - D81: Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
  - D82: Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
  - D83: Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
  - D84: Expectations • Speculations
  - D85: Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
  - D86: Economics of Contract: Theory
  - D87: Neuroeconomics
  - D89: Other
- D9: Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
  - D90: General
  - D91: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
E: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
- E0: General
  - E00: General
  - E01: Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
  - E02: Institutions and the Macroeconomy
- E1: General Aggregative Models
  - E10: General
  - E11: Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
  - E12: Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian
  - E14: Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
  - E13: Neoclassical
  - E16: Social Accounting Matrix
  - E17: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
  - E19: Other
- E2: Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
  - E20: General
  - E21: Consumption • Saving • Wealth
  - E22: Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
  - E23: Production
  - E24: Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
  - E25: Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
  - E26: Informal Economy • Underground Economy
  - E27: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
  - E29: Other
- E3: Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
  - E30: General
  - E31: Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
  - E32: Business Fluctuations • Cycles
  - E37: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
  - E39: Other
- E4: Money and Interest Rates
  - E40: General
  - E41: Demand for Money
  - E42: Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
  - E43: Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
  - E44: Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
  - E47: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
  - E49: Other
- E5: Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
  - E50: General
  - E51: Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
  - E52: Monetary Policy
  - E58: Central Banks and Their Policies
  - E59: Other
- E6: Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
  - E60: General
  - E61: Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
  - E62: Fiscal Policy
  - E63: Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
  - E64: Incomes Policy • Price Policy
  - E65: Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
  - E66: General Outlook and Conditions
  - E69: Other
- E7: Macro-Based Behavioral Economics
  - E70: General
  - E71: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy
F: International Economics
- F0: General
  - F00: General
  - F01: Global Outlook
  - F02: International Economic Order and Integration
- F1: Trade
  - F10: General
  - F11: Neoclassical Models of Trade
  - F12: Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
  - F13: Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
  - F14: Empirical Studies of Trade
  - F15: Economic Integration
  - F16: Trade and Labor Market Interactions
  - F17: Trade Forecasting and Simulation
  - F18: Trade and Environment
  - F19: Other
- F2: International Factor Movements and International Business
  - F20: General
  - F21: International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
  - F22: International Migration
  - F23: Multinational Firms • International Business
  - F24: Remittances
  - F29: Other
- F3: International Finance
  - F30: General
  - F31: Foreign Exchange
  - F32: Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
  - F33: International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
  - F34: International Lending and Debt Problems
  - F35: Foreign Aid
  - F36: Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
  - F37: International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
  - F38: International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
  - F39: Other
- F4: Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
  - F40: General
  - F41: Open Economy Macroeconomics
  - F42: International Policy Coordination and Transmission
  - F43: Economic Growth of Open Economies
  - F44: International Business Cycles
  - F45: Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
  - F47: Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
  - F49: Other
- F5: International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
  - F50: General
  - F51: International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
  - F52: National Security • Economic Nationalism
  - F53: International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
  - F54: Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
  - F55: International Institutional Arrangements
  - F59: Other
- F6: Economic Impacts of Globalization
  - F60: General
  - F61: Microeconomic Impacts
  - F62: Macroeconomic Impacts
  - F63: Economic Development
  - F64: Environment
  - F65: Finance
  - F66: Labor
  - F68: Policy
  - F69: Other
G: Financial Economics
- G0: General
  - G00: General
  - G01: Financial Crises
- G1: General Financial Markets
  - G10: General
  - G11: Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
  - G12: Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
  - G13: Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
  - G14: Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
  - G15: International Financial Markets
  - G17: Financial Forecasting and Simulation
  - G18: Government Policy and Regulation
  - G19: Other
- G2: Financial Institutions and Services
  - G20: General
  - G21: Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
  - G22: Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
  - G23: Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
  - G24: Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
  - G28: Government Policy and Regulation
  - G29: Other
- G3: Corporate Finance and Governance
  - G30: General
  - G31: Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
  - G32: Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
  - G33: Bankruptcy • Liquidation
  - G34: Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
  - G35: Payout Policy
  - G38: Government Policy and Regulation
  - G39: Other
- G4: Behavioral Finance
  - G40: General
  - G41: Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets
H: Public Economics
- H0: General
  - H00: General
- H1: Structure and Scope of Government
  - H10: General
  - H11: Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
  - H12: Crisis Management
  - H13: Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
  - H19: Other
- H2: Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
  - H20: General
  - H21: Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
  - H22: Incidence
  - H23: Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
  - H24: Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
  - H25: Business Taxes and Subsidies
  - H26: Tax Evasion and Avoidance
  - H27: Other Sources of Revenue
  - H29: Other
- H3: Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
  - H30: General
  - H31: Household
  - H32: Firm
  - H39: Other
- H4: Publicly Provided Goods
  - H40: General
  - H41: Public Goods
  - H42: Publicly Provided Private Goods
  - H43: Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
  - H44: Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
  - H49: Other
- H5: National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
  - H50: General
  - H51: Government Expenditures and Health
  - H52: Government Expenditures and Education
  - H53: Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
  - H54: Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
  - H55: Social Security and Public Pensions
  - H56: National Security and War
  - H57: Procurement
  - H59: Other
- H6: National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
  - H60: General
  - H61: Budget • Budget Systems
  - H62: Deficit • Surplus
  - H63: Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
  - H68: Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
  - H69: Other
- H7: State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
  - H70: General
  - H71: State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
  - H72: State and Local Budget and Expenditures
  - H73: Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
  - H74: State and Local Borrowing
  - H75: State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
  - H76: State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
  - H77: Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
  - H79: Other
- H8: Miscellaneous Issues
  - H80: General
  - H81: Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
  - H82: Governmental Property
  - H83: Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
  - H84: Disaster Aid
  - H87: International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
  - H89: Other
I: Health, Education, and Welfare
- I0: General
  - I00: General
- I1: Health
  - I10: General
  - I11: Analysis of Health Care Markets
  - I12: Health Behavior
  - I13: Health Insurance, Public and Private
  - I14: Health and Inequality
  - I15: Health and Economic Development
  - I18: Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
  - I19: Other
- I2: Education and Research Institutions
  - I20: General
  - I21: Analysis of Education
  - I22: Educational Finance • Financial Aid
  - I23: Higher Education • Research Institutions
  - I24: Education and Inequality
  - I25: Education and Economic Development
  - I26: Returns to Education
  - I28: Government Policy
  - I29: Other
- I3: Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
  - I30: General
  - I31: General Welfare, Well-Being
  - I32: Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
  - I38: Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
  - I39: Other
J: Labor and Demographic Economics
- J0: General
  - J00: General
  - J01: Labor Economics: General
  - J08: Labor Economics Policies
- J1: Demographic Economics
  - J10: General
  - J11: Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
  - J12: Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
  - J13: Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
  - J14: Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination
  - J15: Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
  - J16: Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
  - J17: Value of Life • Forgone Income
  - J18: Public Policy
  - J19: Other
- J2: Demand and Supply of Labor
  - J20: General
  - J21: Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
  - J22: Time Allocation and Labor Supply
  - J23: Labor Demand
  - J24: Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
  - J26: Retirement • Retirement Policies
  - J28: Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
  - J29: Other
- J3: Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
  - J30: General
  - J31: Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
  - J32: Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
  - J33: Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
  - J38: Public Policy
  - J39: Other
- J4: Particular Labor Markets
  - J40: General
  - J41: Labor Contracts
  - J42: Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
  - J43: Agricultural Labor Markets
  - J44: Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
  - J45: Public Sector Labor Markets
  - J46: Informal Labor Markets
  - J47: Coercive Labor Markets
  - J48: Public Policy
  - J49: Other
- J5: Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
  - J50: General
  - J51: Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
  - J52: Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
  - J53: Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
  - J54: Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
  - J58: Public Policy
  - J59: Other
- J6: Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
  - J60: General
  - J61: Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
  - J62: Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
  - J63: Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
  - J64: Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
  - J65: Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
  - J68: Public Policy
  - J69: Other
- J7: Labor Discrimination
  - J70: General
  - J71: Discrimination
  - J78: Public Policy
  - J79: Other
- J8: Labor Standards: National and International
  - J80: General
  - J81: Working Conditions
  - J82: Labor Force Composition
  - J83: Workers' Rights
  - J88: Public Policy
  - J89: Other
K: Law and Economics
- K0: General
  - K00: General
- K1: Basic Areas of Law
  - K10: General
  - K11: Property Law
  - K12: Contract Law
  - K13: Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
  - K14: Criminal Law
  - K15: Civil Law • Common Law
  - K16: Election Law
  - K19: Other
- K2: Regulation and Business Law
  - K20: General
  - K21: Antitrust Law
  - K22: Business and Securities Law
  - K23: Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
  - K24: Cyber Law
  - K25: Real Estate Law
  - K29: Other
- K3: Other Substantive Areas of Law
  - K30: General
  - K31: Labor Law
  - K32: Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
  - K33: International Law
  - K34: Tax Law
  - K35: Personal Bankruptcy Law
  - K36: Family and Personal Law
  - K37: Immigration Law
  - K38: Human Rights Law • Gender Law
  - K39: Other
- K4: Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
  - K40: General
  - K41: Litigation Process
  - K42: Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
  - K49: Other
L: Industrial Organization
- L0: General
  - L00: General
- L1: Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
  - L10: General
  - L11: Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
  - L12: Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
  - L13: Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
  - L14: Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
  - L15: Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
  - L16: Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
  - L17: Open Source Products and Markets
  - L19: Other
- L2: Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
  - L20: General
  - L21: Business Objectives of the Firm
  - L22: Firm Organization and Market Structure
  - L23: Organization of Production
  - L24: Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
  - L25: Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
  - L26: Entrepreneurship
  - L29: Other
- L3: Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
  - L30: General
  - L31: Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
  - L32: Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
  - L33: Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
  - L38: Public Policy
  - L39: Other
- L4: Antitrust Issues and Policies
  - L40: General
  - L41: Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
  - L42: Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
  - L43: Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
  - L44: Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
  - L49: Other
- L5: Regulation and Industrial Policy
  - L50: General
  - L51: Economics of Regulation
  - L52: Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
  - L53: Enterprise Policy
  - L59: Other
- L6: Industry Studies: Manufacturing
  - L60: General
  - L61: Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
  - L62: Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
  - L63: Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
  - L64: Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
  - L65: Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
  - L66: Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
  - L67: Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
  - L68: Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
  - L69: Other
- L7: Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
  - L70: General
  - L71: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
  - L72: Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
  - L73: Forest Products
  - L74: Construction
  - L78: Government Policy
  - L79: Other
- L8: Industry Studies: Services
  - L80: General
  - L81: Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
  - L82: Entertainment • Media
  - L83: Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
  - L84: Personal, Professional, and Business Services
  - L85: Real Estate Services
  - L86: Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
  - L87: Postal and Delivery Services
  - L88: Government Policy
  - L89: Other
- L9: Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
  - L90: General
  - L91: Transportation: General
  - L92: Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
  - L93: Air Transportation
  - L94: Electric Utilities
  - L95: Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
  - L96: Telecommunications
  - L97: Utilities: General
  - L98: Government Policy
  - L99: Other
M: Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics
- M0: General
  - M00: General
- M1: Business Administration
  - M10: General
  - M11: Production Management
  - M12: Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
  - M13: New Firms • Startups
  - M14: Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
  - M15: IT Management
  - M16: International Business Administration
  - M19: Other
- M2: Business Economics
  - M20: General
  - M21: Business Economics
  - M29: Other
- M3: Marketing and Advertising
  - M30: General
  - M31: Marketing
  - M37: Advertising
  - M38: Government Policy and Regulation
  - M39: Other
- M4: Accounting and Auditing
  - M40: General
  - M41: Accounting
  - M42: Auditing
  - M48: Government Policy and Regulation
  - M49: Other
- M5: Personnel Economics
  - M50: General
  - M51: Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
  - M52: Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
  - M53: Training
  - M54: Labor Management
  - M55: Labor Contracting Devices
  - M59: Other
N: Economic History
- N0: General
  - N00: General
  - N01: Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
- N1: Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
  - N10: General, International, or Comparative
  - N11: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N12: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N13: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N14: Europe: 1913–
  - N15: Asia including Middle East
  - N16: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N17: Africa • Oceania
- N2: Financial Markets and Institutions
  - N20: General, International, or Comparative
  - N21: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N22: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N23: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N24: Europe: 1913–
  - N25: Asia including Middle East
  - N26: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N27: Africa • Oceania
- N3: Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
  - N30: General, International, or Comparative
  - N31: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N32: U.S. • Canada: 1913-
  - N33: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N34: Europe: 1913-
  - N35: Asia including Middle East
  - N36: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N37: Africa • Oceania
- N4: Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
  - N40: General, International, or Comparative
  - N41: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N42: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N43: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N44: Europe: 1913–
  - N45: Asia including Middle East
  - N46: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N47: Africa • Oceania
- N5: Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
  - N50: General, International, or Comparative
  - N51: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N52: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N53: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N54: Europe: 1913–
  - N55: Asia including Middle East
  - N56: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N57: Africa • Oceania
- N6: Manufacturing and Construction
  - N60: General, International, or Comparative
  - N61: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N62: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N63: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N64: Europe: 1913–
  - N65: Asia including Middle East
  - N66: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N67: Africa • Oceania
- N7: Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
  - N70: General, International, or Comparative
  - N71: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N72: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N73: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N74: Europe: 1913–
  - N75: Asia including Middle East
  - N76: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N77: Africa • Oceania
- N8: Micro-Business History
  - N80: General, International, or Comparative
  - N81: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N82: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N83: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N84: Europe: 1913–
  - N85: Asia including Middle East
  - N86: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N87: Africa • Oceania
- N9: Regional and Urban History
  - N90: General, International, or Comparative
  - N91: U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
  - N92: U.S. • Canada: 1913–
  - N93: Europe: Pre-1913
  - N94: Europe: 1913–
  - N95: Asia including Middle East
  - N96: Latin America • Caribbean
  - N97: Africa • Oceania
O: Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
- O1: Economic Development
  - O10: General
  - O11: Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
  - O12: Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
  - O13: Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
  - O14: Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
  - O15: Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
  - O16: Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
  - O17: Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
  - O18: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
  - O19: International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations
- O2: Development Planning and Policy
  - O20: General
  - O21: Planning Models • Planning Policy
  - O22: Project Analysis
  - O23: Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
  - O24: Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
  - O25: Industrial Policy
  - O29: Other
- O3: Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights
  - O30: General
  - O31: Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
  - O32: Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
  - O33: Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
  - O34: Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
  - O35: Social Innovation
  - O38: Government Policy
  - O39: Other
- O4: Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
  - O40: General
  - O41: One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
  - O42: Monetary Growth Models
  - O43: Institutions and Growth
  - O44: Environment and Growth
  - O47: Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
  - O49: Other
- O5: Economywide Country Studies
  - O50: General
  - O51: U.S. • Canada
  - O52: Europe
  - O53: Asia including Middle East
  - O54: Latin America • Caribbean
  - O55: Africa
  - O56: Oceania
  - O57: Comparative Studies of Countries
P: Economic Systems
- P0: General
  - P00: General
- P1: Capitalist Systems
  - P10: General
  - P11: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
  - P12: Capitalist Enterprises
  - P13: Cooperative Enterprises
  - P14: Property Rights
  - P16: Political Economy
  - P17: Performance and Prospects
  - P18: Energy • Environment
  - P19: Other
- P2: Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
  - P20: General
  - P21: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
  - P22: Prices
  - P23: Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
  - P24: National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
  - P25: Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
  - P26: Political Economy • Property Rights
  - P27: Performance and Prospects
  - P28: Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
  - P29: Other
- P3: Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
  - P30: General
  - P31: Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
  - P32: Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
  - P33: International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
  - P34: Financial Economics
  - P35: Public Economics
  - P36: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
  - P37: Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
  - P39: Other
- P4: Other Economic Systems
  - P40: General
  - P41: Planning, Coordination, and Reform
  - P42: Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
  - P43: Public Economics • Financial Economics
  - P44: National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
  - P45: International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
  - P46: Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
  - P47: Performance and Prospects
  - P48: Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
  - P49: Other
- P5: Comparative Economic Systems
  - P50: General
  - P51: Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
  - P52: Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
  - P59: Other
Q: Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics
- Q0: General
  - Q00: General
  - Q01: Sustainable Development
  - Q02: Commodity Markets
- Q1: Agriculture
  - Q10: General
  - Q11: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
  - Q12: Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
  - Q13: Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
  - Q14: Agricultural Finance
  - Q15: Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
  - Q16: R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
  - Q17: Agriculture in International Trade
  - Q18: Agricultural Policy • Food Policy
  - Q19: Other
- Q2: Renewable Resources and Conservation
  - Q20: General
  - Q21: Demand and Supply • Prices
  - Q22: Fishery • Aquaculture
  - Q23: Forestry
  - Q24: Land
  - Q25: Water
  - Q26: Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
  - Q27: Issues in International Trade
  - Q28: Government Policy
  - Q29: Other
- Q3: Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
  - Q30: General
  - Q31: Demand and Supply • Prices
  - Q32: Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
  - Q33: Resource Booms
  - Q34: Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
  - Q35: Hydrocarbon Resources
  - Q37: Issues in International Trade
  - Q38: Government Policy
  - Q39: Other
- Q4: Energy
  - Q40: General
  - Q41: Demand and Supply • Prices
  - Q42: Alternative Energy Sources
  - Q43: Energy and the Macroeconomy
  - Q47: Energy Forecasting
  - Q48: Government Policy
  - Q49: Other
- Q5: Environmental Economics
  - Q50: General
  - Q51: Valuation of Environmental Effects
  - Q52: Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
  - Q53: Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
  - Q54: Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
  - Q55: Technological Innovation
  - Q56: Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
  - Q57: Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
  - Q58: Government Policy
  - Q59: Other
R: Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
- R0: General
  - R00: General
- R1: General Regional Economics
  - R10: General
  - R11: Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
  - R12: Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
  - R13: General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
  - R14: Land Use Patterns
  - R15: Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
  - R19: Other
- R2: Household Analysis
  - R20: General
  - R21: Housing Demand
  - R22: Other Demand
  - R23: Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
  - R28: Government Policy
  - R29: Other
- R3: Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
  - R30: General
  - R31: Housing Supply and Markets
  - R32: Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
  - R33: Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
  - R38: Government Policy
  - R39: Other
- R4: Transportation Economics
  - R40: General
  - R41: Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
  - R42: Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
  - R48: Government Pricing and Policy
  - R49: Other
- R5: Regional Government Analysis
  - R50: General
  - R51: Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
  - R52: Land Use and Other Regulations
  - R53: Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
  - R58: Regional Development Planning and Policy
  - R59: Other
Y: Miscellaneous Categories
- Y1: Data: Tables and Charts
  - Y10: Data: Tables and Charts
- Y2: Introductory Material
  - Y20: Introductory Material
- Y3: Book Reviews (unclassified)
  - Y30: Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y4: Dissertations (unclassified)
  - Y40: Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y5: Further Reading (unclassified)
  - Y50: Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y6: Excerpts
  - Y60: Excerpts
- Y7: No Author General Discussions
  - Y70: No Author General Discussions
- Y8: Related Disciplines
  - Y80: Related Disciplines
- Y9: Other
  - Y90: Other
  - Y91: Pictures and Maps
  - Y92: Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.
Z: Other Special Topics
- Z0: General
  - Z00: General
- Z1: Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology
  - Z10: General
  - Z11: Economics of the Arts and Literature
  - Z12: Religion
  - Z13: Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification
  - Z18: Public Policy
  - Z19: Other
- Z2: Sports Economics
  - Z20: General
  - Z21: Industry Studies
  - Z22: Labor Issues
  - Z23: Finance
  - Z28: Policy
  - Z29: Other
- Z3: Tourism Economics
  - Z30: General
  - Z31: Industry Studies
  - Z32: Tourism and Development
  - Z33: Marketing and Finance
  - Z38: Policy
  - Z39: Other